1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两类：
a、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
b、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：
（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
（2） 以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。
（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
（6） 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法
（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers， women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。
（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。
（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。
（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：
科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths 专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls 其他名词：news, falls
另有不规则变化：
man→men,woman→women,
sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish,child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
3 不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：
（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money． There is some milk in the bottle． Is there any water in the glass？ I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．
（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：
a piece of paper， a piece of wood， a piece of bread
a bottle of orange， a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea
a bag of rice ，three bags of rice 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如： two cups of tea four pieces of paper three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
◆ 不可数名词用法举要 ◆不可以用数目来计算的名词称为不可数名词。学习不可数名词时，应注意以下几点：▲不可数名词没有复数形式。如：some meat , some bread , 不可说 some meats , some breads 。▲不可数名词不能用不定冠词 a , an 及数词修饰，但可用 some , any , much （许多），a lot of （许多），a little（一点）等直接修饰。如：我们不可以说a tea , two milk , 但可以说 some tea , much meat 。▲不可数名词前通常用量词来表示具体的数。如：a glass of water , two cups of tea , five pieces of bread 。需要注意的是：类似短语中的介词 of 不能省去，当数词大于“一”时，量词需要用复数形式。▲不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：There is some water in the bottle . 瓶里有些水。Is there any rice in the bag ? 袋子里有米吗？▲若不可数名词前有复数数量词修饰时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：There are three bottles of orange on the table . 桌上有三瓶桔汁。试比较：There is some orange on the table .▲对不可数名词前的修饰语提问，疑问词用 how much 。例如：They want two cups of tea .→How much tea do they want ?There is some milk in the glass .→How much milk is there in the glass ?▲对不可数名词前量词部分的修饰语提问题，疑问词用 how many 。例如：They want two cups of tea . →How many cups of tea do they want ?▲不可数名词表示特指时可用定冠词 the 修饰。例如：The bread on the table is Li Lei’s . 桌上的面包是李磊的。▲有些名词即可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意思却大不相同。如：glass 作可数名词，意思是“玻璃杯”，作为不可数名词，意思是“玻璃”；room 作可数名词，意思是“房间”，作不可数名词，意思是“空间”。I have many friends bread meat milk fish （面包）（肉）（牛奶）（鱼）Ⅳ. 难词解码◆ some 与 any之区别 ◆some 和 any 都有“一些”的意思，都可作形容词、代词，可修饰或代替可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词，但两者用法不同。
一、some 一般用于肯定句中。例如：
I can see some flowers . 我能看到一些花。There is some milk in the glass . 杯子里有一些牛奶。
二、any 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。例如：
— Can you see any bread on the table ? 你看到桌子上有面包吗？
—Yes , I can see some . 是的， 我看到一些。—Can you see any girls in the picture ? 你能看到图画上的女孩吗？—No , I can’t see any . 不， 我一个也看不到。三、some 可用于表示请求、邀请、希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中。例如：— Can you give me some bread ? 你能给我一些面包吗？— Certainly . Here you are . 当然可以，给你。Would you like some bread ? 你想要些面包吗？同学们，请看，Polly 给我们编出了一句顺口溜：some 用于肯定句，疑问句、否定用 any ，请求、邀请与期待，仍用 some 代 any 。◆ do you like 与 would you like ◆Do you like … ? 意为“你喜欢……吗？”“你爱……吗？”等，是提问者问对方习惯上喜爱什么，并不指目前一时爱好。其后常跟或 doing 结构作宾语。例：Do you like meat ? 你喜欢吃肉吗？Do you like playing basketball ? 你喜欢打篮球吗？其肯定回答为 Yes , I do . ; 否定回答为 No . I don’t . 。Would you like … ? 意为 “你想要……吗？”“你愿意……吗？”，指说话人委婉地向对方提出请求或建议，是指目前的情况，其后常跟名词或 to do 结构作宾语。例：Would you like some apples ? 你卢吃一些苹果吗？Would you like to have a cup of tea ？你想喝杯茶吗？其肯定回答是 Yes , please . 或 Yes , I’d like / love to . ; 否定回答是 No , thanks . / thank you . 或 Yes , I’d like to , but … 等。例：A : Would you like a bottle of orange ?B : Yes , please . / No , thanks .would like 还可缩写为 ’d like 。例：I’d like to have a cup of tea .Ⅴ. 幽默趣赏◆ Tom’s Answer ◆Tom : Dad , black hens 母鸡 are more clever than white hens , aren‘t they ?Dad : How do you know it , Tom ?Tom : Well , black hens can lay 生 white eggs , but white hens can’t lay black eggs .汤姆的回答汤姆：爸爸，黑母鸡比白母鸡聪明，不是吗 ?爸爸：你是怎么知道的，汤姆 ?汤姆：喏，黑母鸡能下白色的蛋，而白母鸡不能下黑色的蛋。◆ The Red Ink ◆Bob : Mum , I‘m making a picture of my father . Where is the red ink ?Mum : What do you want to do with the red ink ?Bob : I’ll colour his nose red .红墨水鲍勃：妈妈，我正在画一张爸爸的像，红墨水在哪里 ?妈妈：你用红墨水干什么 ?鲍勃：我要把他的鼻子着成红色。◆ A dishonest cat ◆一只不诚实的猫1 . There lives a cat in the country . It likes telling lies , so that it glosses over its mistakes .在乡下，有一只猫，它喜欢说谎，以便掩盖自己的过失。2 . When it catches a rat , the rat gets away . It says , “ You are too thin . I won’t catch you until you become fat . ”它捉老鼠时，老鼠逃跑了。它说：“你太瘦了，等你肥了我再捉你。”3 . It climbs up a tree to catch birds , the birds flies away , and it falls off the tree . It says
3、名词所有格：
1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和主语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
1 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
2 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
练习【实例解析】
1．These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor
C. women doctors D. woman doctor
答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。
2. This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加’s。
3. ---Are there any ________ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。
4. ---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger B. chip C. tea
答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。
一. 单项填空
2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner
3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once
4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters
5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
6．There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
7．In England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name
9．The______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch
10．The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
11．What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news
12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children B. women and child
C. woman and child D. women and children
13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS
C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING
14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day
C. Childrens Day D. Children Day
15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room
二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。
1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(杂志) in our school library.
2. Please turn to another _______（频道）, I don’t like this show.
3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
.4. Autumn is my favourite (季节)
5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have?
---Three.
6. __________ are widely used in the modern world.
7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day.
8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.
9. ---Does this piece of ______(音乐) sound nice?
---Yes. It’s wonderful!
10. May 12th is the International _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.
三. 根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。
1. “What’s your n_______?”
“Li Lei.”
2. How many d_______ does your uncle have?
3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside.
4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________.
5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world.
6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival.
7. At the a______ of seven, the lonely girl had to work to make living.
8. It’s only about an h_____ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.
9. Health is more important to me than m_______.
10. Be careful! It’s d__________ to run across the street now.
【练习答案】
一．1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B
二．1.magazines 2.Channel 3. flight 4.season 5. knives 6. Computers 7. Children’s 8. address 9. music 10. Nurses’
三．1.name 2.daughters 3. window 4. pronunciation 5. inventions 6.parents 7. age 8. hour’s 9. money 10. dangerous
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