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4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
3. used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. 过( 去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to 是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.现( 在习惯于散步)
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I quite catch it.
---- It’s 69568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
4. word/media/image5.gif一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next mon 。th
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5. be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to 表将来will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it a s soon as possible.
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My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有 for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (错) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago或. years.
13. since 的四种用法
Harry has been married for six
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2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time1）主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态，如： He saw her in the shop yesterday.
She was seen in the shop yesterday.
2) 主语有两个宾语的被动语态
Li Lei gave me a chemistry book.
I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.
A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei. 3）主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态
若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为
可 --> He was seen to play football on the playground.
若宾语补足语是带 to 的不定式，那么被动语态仍保留to:
Mother told me not to be late
I was told not to be late环境，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 6）表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel ,n report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
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word/media/image17.gifThe question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2. 不定式作补语
1) 动词+ eport request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him t
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分批哦, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know,
prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take以( 为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而 C 为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响， 因此不选 C。
哦-=人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn’t expect there to be somany people there 我.
们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
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word/media/image22.gif祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用 Don't + 动词原形，或是Not to + 动词原形。例如：
Be quiet , please !（大家）请安静。Stand up ! 起立！
Don't smoke in the office .请不要在办公室吸烟。Don't be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里。
Not to be careless when you're driving a car 开.
4) 感叹句（Exclamato 和 ry Sentence）
车时不要粗心大意。
What 或 How 引起的。What 用
来强调名词，How 则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说，所感叹的对象放到句首；句子无需倒装，句子要用正常语序。 当然，如果不用这种句型，而句子
（无论）本身又表示了上述的种种情绪，那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如：
What a fine day it is today !今天天气多好啊！ How fine it is today !今天天气多好啊！
What a lovely son you have 你!
有个多可爱的儿子啊！
How lovely your son is !你的儿子多可爱
1. 介词：in, on, under, behind, near, at, of
1). in 表示"在……中"， "在……内"。例如： in our class 在我们班上
in my bag 在我的书包里
in the desk 在桌子里
in the classroom 在教室里
2). on 表示"在……上"。例如：
on the wall 在墙上
on the desk 在桌子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上
3). under 表示"在……下"。例如：
under the tree 在树下under the chair 在椅子下under the bed 在床下
4). behind 表示"在……后面"。例如：
behind the door 在门后behind the t ree 在树后
5). near 表示"在……附近"。例如： near the teacher's desk 在讲桌附近near the bed 在床附近
6). at 表示"在……处"。例如：
at school 在学校at home 在家
at the door 在门口
7). of 表示"……的"。例如：
a picture of our classroom 我们教室的一幅画a map of China 一张中国地图
3.some 和 any
①在肯定句中用some.例如： There are some books on the desk桌.
子上有一些书。
Lucy has some good books露西有一些好书。
②在疑问句和否定句中用any。例如：
Is there any ink in your pen?你的钢笔里有墨水吗？
Do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗？
word/media/image23.gifThere isn't any water in the glass杯.
子里没有水。
⑵记住它们的特殊用法。
①some 亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问.句例中如：
Would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗？
②any 也可用于肯定句中，表示"任何的"。例如：
Any one of us can do this我.
们当中任何一个都能做这个。
word/media/image24.gifsome 和 any 的用法是经常出现的考点，希望大家能准确地掌握它们的用法。
5. little 的用法
a lit t le dog 一只小狗，a lit t le boy 一个小男孩。lit t le 常用来修饰有生命的名词。
*但little 还可表示否定意义，意为"少的"，加不可数名词。There is lit t le t ime. 几乎没时间了。
There is lit t le water in the cup. 杯中水很少。
三. 语法
1. 名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式，意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式：
（ 1）. 一般情况下在词尾加"'s"。例如：
Kate's father Kat e的爸爸
my mother's f riend 我妈妈的朋友
（ 2）. 如果复数名词以s 结尾，只加"'"。例如：
Teachers' Day 教师节
The boys' game 男孩们的游戏
（ 3）. 如果复数名词不以s 结尾，仍加"'s"。例如：
Children's Day 儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
（ 4）. 表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如：
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和 Lily 的房间
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim 的爸爸
动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"'s"，而常常用介词 of 的短语来表示。a map of China 一幅中国地图
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片the door of the bedroom卧室的门
2、代词
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