英语国际音标表(48个)
元音(20个)
长元音 /ɑ:/ /ɔ:/ / ɜ:/ /i:/ /U:/(5个)
短元音 / ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/
/e// /æ/ (7个)
双元音 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/
/ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
/əʊ/ /aʊ/ (8个)
辅音(28个)
清辅音 /p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/
浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/
清辅音 /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ / h/
浊辅音 /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ / r/
鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
半元音 / j/ / w/
边音 / ǀ/
国际音标四十八,
除去元音二十个,
还剩辅音二十八。
元音又分单和双,
十二个单来八个双。
单元音又分长和短,
五个长来八个短。
双元音尾巴有特点,
三I二U三个ə.
辅音二十八个又分家,
八个单过二十对成家。
英语音标及字母组合对照
1.元音:
1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei (eo ey i)
three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please
he she me
piece receive ceiling
2) [ I ]发音字母 i y e ui u a
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
myth many twenty happy dictionary
defect decide delicious
3) [ æ ] 发音字母 a
bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man
4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a (ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay)
head bread pleasure
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes
many any
5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
term her nerd serve
work worm word world
6) [ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious pleasure
familiar collar dollar
together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite
around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china
men listen
famulus Saturday
7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a
car farm card arm garden
fast class last glass plant aunt calm
8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母 u o ou oo
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
trouble rough
blood flood
9) [ɔ: ]字母组合 al or au our ar
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
10) [ ɔ ] ([ɒ])发音字母 o a ou
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash watch
11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u
food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
shoe do two
true truth blue prude
12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u o
look good book wood
should could
put full bull pull push
woman wolf
13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey
name cake late gate plane April
play say may way
great break
rain paint plain
they grey
14) [ai] 发音字母 i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye
15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse
flower down now cow how town
16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost
know low below grow blow show flow
boat coat goal
17) [ ɔɪ ] 字母组合oy oi
boy toy joy
oil soil voice choice
18) [iε] 字母组合 eer ear
beer deer
ear near
here fierce idea
19) [ ɛə ] ([eə])字母组合ear air ere
pear bear
chair air fair
there where
care
20) [uε] [auə]字母组合our ower
hour tour
flower shower
判断单词读音的三个步骤
一、数元字组的个数
数一数元字组的数目。有几个元字组就有几个音节{在《英语单词拼读规则表》中,元字组指的是:元音字母[元音字母共有五个:Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu。Yy和Ww也可以当作元音字母来用,当这两个字母出现在单词(或音节)的开头时,通常被当作辅音字母来用;如果不是出现在词首,Yy、Ww经常被当作元音字母来用,Yy相当于元音字母Ii,Ww相当于元音字母Uu元音字母出现在重读音节时,或者是开音节,或者是闭音节]和元音字组[元音字组由两个或三个元音字母组合而成,少数几个辅音字母(r l w y)也可以和元音字母一起组成元音字组]}。
二、划分音节
划分音节时以元字组为核心。
三、找出重读音节
1.单音节词都是重读音节
2.双音节词通常是第一个音节重读(前缀不重读)
3.多音节词在倒数第三个音节上重读
关于ia ie io iu
ie是个元音字组,而ia io iu有时发两个元音,是两个字组,如:radio;有时只发一个元音。如:patient nation allegiance,但是在计算音节的数目时要把它们当成两个音节来计算。
quiet 一词中,ie发三元音,这时ie构成的是一个音节。
quiet hour fire 这些词的读音含有三元音,和双元音一样,三元音也可以被看作一个音素,所以这几个词是单音节词。
1.音节 以元音为主体构成的发音单位,一般说来元音发音响亮,可以构成音节,辅音发音不响亮,不能单独构成音节([m] [n] [ ] [l]例外)。从单词拼写形式上看,有几个元字组就有几个音节。 | 0-01 |
3.重读音节 单词中读音特别响亮的音节。用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时,应使用重读符号。单音节词多数是重读音节,标记读音时不需要使用重读符号。 | 0-03 |
4.开音节 ①绝对开音节:单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节。例如:no blue ba-by stu-dent se-cret. | 0-04 |
5.闭音节 单个元音字母后面有辅字组(r w y 除外)且以辅字组结尾的重读音节。例如:bag egg fish not cup | 0-05 |
6.双音节词重读规则 双音节词的第一个音节通常是重读音节。 | 0-06 |
7.多音节词重读规则 多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读。 | 0-07 |
不符合规则的词
10-1 every 从拼写形式上看有三个元字组,但从读音上看只有两个元音,故这个词只有两个音节。中间一个字母e不发音,该词的音节划分方式为eve-ry。
10-2 celebrate(cel-e-brate)
划分音节时不能把字组拆分到两个音节中去(chil-dren);br pr bl pl等辅音连缀有时要当作字组来对待,即具有不可分割性;有时又要考虑到词的来源或其他原因而不被当作字组来对待(ward-room、Feb-ru-ar-y)。
∙ 音节有七种构成形式
∙ 一、开音节
以元音字母结尾的音节,如:
hi he
relation, celebrate complete, secret
∙ 二、相对开音节
以辅音字母和一个不发音的 -e 结尾的音节,如:
name scene kite coke cute
∙ 三、闭音节
以辅音字母结尾的音节,如:
map bag dull
companion victory rubber umbrella
∙ 四、元音字母组合
如:wait play bee beat believe field show sow shout suit
∙ 五、-r音节
如:her, bar 等。
∙ 六、-re音节
如:fire, hare 等。
∙ 七、成节辅音 l, m, n 的前面如果由一个其它的辅音音素,这个辅音音素可以同 l, m, n 构成音节。这时 l, m, n 叫作成音节辅音。
如:
bottle, bottom, button 等。
补充说明:在国外的语音书籍里,像bottle属于成音节辅音;而像bottom, button等不属于成音节辅音,因为它们的第二个音节里含有元音音素
音节的划分
1.一个音节至少有一个元音字母。即a,e,i,o,或u,有时也可
以是y。例如:
re/fuse,un/com/for/ta/ble,jum/ping,a/void/ed,gar/lic,for/ty
2.当两个元音字母中间只有一个辅音字母时(辅音字母r除外),
而且左边的元音又是按重读开音节规则发音,这个辅音字母通常划
入右边的音节。例如:
stu/dent,o/pen,pa/per,va/cant,fa/tal,pi/lot
3.两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合,左边的元音
按重读闭音节规则发音,那么,这个辅音字母或辅音字母组合通常
划入左边的音节。例如:
moth/er,slith/er
4.如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母,通常这两个辅音字母
分别划入左右两个音节。例如:
mem/ber,les/son,col/lect,shal/low,hap/pen,dis/tant
5.如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母,第一个是r,这两个辅
音字母,也分别划入左右两个音节。第一个音节(左边那个音节)
称为r音节,按重读r音节读音规则发音。例如:
cor/ner,por/trait,har/bor,bar/ber
6.如果两个元音或元音和半元音字母组合发的是一个元音或双元
音,划分音节时,不能将其从中分开,要划在一起。例如:
oi boil/er;oy voy/age;ou through/out;ow tow/er
7.有些辅音字母经常在一起,只发一个辅音,或者联系很紧密。
划分音节时,也不能将其分开。例如:
ph tele/phone;sh ush/er;th pa/thetic;wh a/while
8.辅音字母组合构成发音的辅音连缀,划分音节时,也不能将其
分开。例如:
de/sroy,ex/pli/cit,pre/scribe,in/struc/tion
9.如果一个单词是以字母-le结尾,并且辅音-le前面还有一个辅
音字母,那么这个辅音字母通常划分在右边这个音节里。因为发音
时,这是一个成音节。例如:
ta/ble,un/cle,mar/ble,peo /ple,hur/dle,sta/ble
但是,以-ckle结尾的单词例外。因为辅音字母-c不发音,所以辅音字母-
ck划分在左边的音节里。例如:
pick/le,buck/le,sick/le
10.加前缀时,前缀单独划为一个或一个以上的音节。例如:
dis/like,be/head,in/ac/tive,im/pos/si/ble,sem/i/cir/cle,su/per/man,o/ver/sleep,an/ti/air/craft
11.加后缀时,后缀不影响其他音节的划分。例如:
paint/er,pass/a/ble,dif/fer/ent,fall/ing,friend/ship,seek/ers多数后缀如-ing,-ed,-ment,-ty,单独划分音节。
12.如果后缀-ed加在以-t或-d结尾的单词后面,发/-id/,构
成一个音节,拼写时可单独划分为一个音节;反之,其他情况下不算一个独立的音节。例如:
pre/dict/ed,test/ed,lift/ed,fin/ished,fol/lowed,un/fogged
一、 元音字母在重读音节中的读音
元音字母 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 | |
a | 在开音节中 | [ei] | name plane Jane baby cake | 1-01 |
在闭音节中 | [æ] | bag dad hat map black back | 1-02 | |
e | 在开音节中 | [i:] | he these me Chinese | 1-03 |
在闭音节中 | [e] | bed let pen desk yes egg | 1-04 | |
i | 在开音节中 | [ai] | bike fly drive time nice kite | 1-05 |
在闭音节中 | [i] | fish big drink sit milk swim | 1-06 | |
o | 在开音节中 | [ou] | those close go hoe home no | 1-07 |
在闭音节中 | [] | clock not box shop sock | 1-08 | |
u | 在开音节中 | [ju:] | student excuse duty Tuesday | 1-09 |
在闭音节中 | [] | bus cup jump much lunch | 1-10 | |
在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如:June blue ruler super | 1-11 | |||
特例:vague vogue range paste plague change strange taste waste ache waste scythe opaque这些单词中的th ng gu ch st qu都被看作一个整体,都被看作一个辅音字母,其中的元音字母按开音节规则发音。和以上读音现象不同的词有:tinge[i]
1-02 many[e] any[e]
1-04 English[i] pretty[i]
1-05 policeman[i:] machine[i:] 以上这两个词源自法语,保留法语发音。fatigue[i:]
下面这两个词保留了古英语的发音 live[i] give[i]
1-07 to[u:] do[u:] movie [u:]
1-08 woman[u] wolf[u] roller[ u] colour []
1-10 put[u] Bush[u] cushion[u]
二、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
元音字母 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 |
a | [] | China another woman breakfast | 2-01 |
[i] | orange comrade village cabbage | 2-02 | |
e | [] | hundred student open weekend | 2-03 |
[i] | chicken pocket begin children | 2-04 | |
i | []/[i] | holiday beautiful family animal | 2-05 |
[ai] | exercise satellite | 2-06 | |
o | [] | second tonight somebody welcome | 2-07 |
[u] | also zero photo | 2-08 | |
u | [] | autumn diffcult | 2-09 |
[ju(:)] | popular congratulation January | 2-10 | |
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如:operate | 2-11 | ||
u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如:July influence February issue | 2-12 | ||
在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[ ]音,也可以读作[i]音。
不符合规则的词
2-7 icon[ :] n.【电脑】代表所指谓的图像 robot[ :] n.机器人 alcohol[ :] n.酒精
aerosol n.烟,雾 phenol n.酚苯
2-11 substrate[ei] n.【生化】【半导体】基质;底物
三、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
元音字母 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 | |
a在[w]音后面 | [] | want what watch wash quality | 3-01 | |
a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 | [α:] | after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father | 3-02 | |
p < class=' _10'> > | i在-nd -ld和gh前 | [ai] | find child light high | 3-03 |
p < class=' _10'> > | o在-st -ld前 | [ou] | most postcard old cold | 3-04 |
p < class=' _10'> > | o在m n v th前 | [] | come monkey love mother | 3-05 |
3-01 water[ :] wane[ei] wake[ei]n 以上几个词都是开音节词 wag[æ]
3-02 ass[æ] tomato[α:] 字母a后面是字母t,不符合3-02规则。这个词也可以按1-01规则来读 tomato[t ´meitou] banana[α:] 重读音节里的字母a后面有字母n,符合3-02规则。由于重读音节里的字母a和后面的字母n并不是处在同一音节里,所以banana也可以读成[b ´nein ]
3-03 cost[ ]
3-04 colour[ ]
四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 |
ar | [α:] | car farm dark sharpener | 4-01 |
[:] | warm quarter towards | 4-02 | |
or | [:] | forty morning short | 4-03 |
[:] | word worker worse | 4-04 | |
er ir st1:place w:st="on">ur | [:] | certainly bird Thursday | 4-05 |
辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如: carry sorry hurry | 4-06 | ||
-r音节在非重读音节中通常读[ ]音,例如:dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday | 4- | ||
例外的词
4-03 attorney[ :]
4-04 worn[ :] sword[ :]
4-06 quarrel[ ] 按3-01规则读
surround sur-不重读 suppose sup-不重读 collect col-不重读 worry[ ] 也可以读成worry[´w ri]
五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 |
are | [ε ] | care dare hare | 5-01 |
ere | [i ] | here mere | 5-02 |
ire | [ai ] | fire hire wire | 5-03 |
ore | [:] | more score before | 5-04 |
ure | [ju ] | pure cure | 5-05 |
are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[ ]音,例如:picture pleasure | 5-06 | ||
重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读[r]音。 | 5-07 | ||
某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。 | 5-08 | ||
不符合规则的词
5-02 there[ε ] where[ε ]
5-03 cire[s ´rei]
5-05 sure[u ]
5-06 failure
5-07 assurance
5-08 burial[´beri l] deteriorate
六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 |
ai/ay | [ei] | afraid rain wait day play | 6-01 |
air | [ε] | air hair chair pair repair | 6-02 |
al al在f m前 | [: ] | small ball talk wall all | 6-03 |
[:l] | always also salt almost | 6-04 | |
[α:] | half calm | 6-05 | |
au/aw | [:] | autumn daughter draw | 6-06 |
ea | [i:] | teach easy cheap please | 6-07 |
[e] | heavy bread sweater weather | 6-08 | |
[ei] | break great | 6-09 | |
ear | [i ] | hear dear near clear year | 6-10 |
[ε ] | bear pear wear swear | 6-11 | |
[:] | earth learn early | 6-12 | |
ee | [i:] | jeep week green three | 6-13 |
eer | [i ] | pioneer deer beer | 6-14 |
ei/ey | [ei] | eight neighbour they | 6-15 |
[i:] | either key | 6-16 | |
eu/ew在 | [ju:] | new few newspaper | 6-17 |
[u:] | flew brew jewelry | 6-18 | |
ie/ei[l、s]音之后 | [i:] | piece field receive | 6-19 |
oa | [ou] | coat Joan boat goal | 6-20 |
oar/oor | [:] | roar board door floor | 6-21 |
oi/oy | [i] | noise point boy toilet | 6-22 |
O 爆破音后常发 | [u:] | broom food tooth school | 6-23 |
[u] | book look cook foot good | 6-24 | |
ou/ow | [au] | flower house count down | 6-25 |
[ou] | know row throw though | 6-26 | |
[] | young country enough | 6-27 | |
[u:] | group you soup | 6-28 | |
our | [:] | course your four | 6-29 |
[au ] | our hour ours | 6-30 | |
[u:] | 6-31 | ||
ui | [ju:i] | fluid suicide tuition | 6-32 |
[u:] | juice fruit suit | 6-33 | |
不符合规则的词
6-01 plaid[æ]
6-06 because[o:] laugh[a:]
6-07 ea的另外两种发音
Se´attle这个词中的ea并不是个字母组合,双写辅音字母强调其前面的单个元音字母a是重读音节,而且是个闭音节。
[i ] idea really [/] beautiful
6-16 either[i:]美语发音 ei发[i:]音的例词很少。
6-20 abroad[o:] oasis[ ´eisis] oa并未构成元字组,不在同一音节。
6-26 knowledge [´n li ]长音短化现象
ou/ow的另一种发音[o:],cough thought
七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音
元音字组或字群 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 |
ai/ay ei/ey | [i] | Sunday foreign monkey | 7-01 |
ow | [ou] | yellow sparrow tomorrow | 7-02 |
元音字组在非重读音节中读[ ]音或[i]。 | 7-03 | ||
-sion -tion | [ʃ n] | impression nation | 7-04 |
-sion在元音字母后 | [ ʒn] | vision decision occasion | 7-05 |
-tion在s后 | [ tʃn] | question suggestion | 7-06 |
-sten | [sn] | listen | 7-07 |
-stle | [sl] | whistle | 7-08 |
-sure | [ ʒn] | pleasure measure | 7-09 |
-ture | [tʃ ] | picture culture | 7-10 |
八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音
复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。 | 8-01 |
有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。 | 8-02 |
九、辅字组的读音
辅字组 | 读 音 | 例 词 | 编 号 |
b | [b] | bike bus bag | 9-01 |
[/] | bomb tomb | 9-02 | |
c | [k] | cake picture coat music | 9-03 |
[s] | face decide cinema | 9-04 | |
ch | [ tʃ ] | much chick rich teacher | 9-05 |
[k] | school headache chemistry | 9-06 | |
[ʃ ] | machine | 9-07 | |
-ck | [k] | cock pocket black knock | 9-08 |
d | [d] | doctor bread hand day | 9-09 |
-dge | [ dʒ] | bridge fridge | 9-10 |
dr- | [dr] | children driver drink | 9-11 |
f | [f] | five four breakfast | 9-12 |
g | [ g] | bag gardon go | 9-13 |
[ dʒ ] | orange large German | 9-14 | |
gh | [f] | cough enough laugh | 9-15 |
[/] | light daughter high | 9-16 | |
gu- -gue | [g] | guess league dialogue guitar | 9-17 |
[ w] | language anguish | 9-18 | |
h | [h] | hot head house hand | 9-19 |
[/] | hour honest | 9-20 | |
j | [ ] | jeep jar joke join July | 9-21 |
k | [k] | kind bike skate make week | 9-22 |
kn- | [n] | knife know knock | 9-23 |
l | [l] | life milk school tall | 9-24 |
m | [m] | monkey come autumn | 9-25 |
-mn | [m] | autumn column solemn | 9-26 |
n | [n] | not shine ten note | 9-27 |
[ ] | uncle thank hungry | 9-28 | |
-ng | [ ] | morning young wrong | 9-29 |
p | [p] | paper plane pig ship pen | 9-30 |
ph | [f] | elephant photo telephone | 9-31 |
q | [k] | Iraq | 9-32 |
qu- | [kw] | quality quite | 9-33 |
r | [r] | red rubber ruler | 9-34 |
s在词首或清辅音前 | [s] | sit sleep desk | 9-35 |
[z] | music husband | 9-36 | |
sc- | [sk] | scarlet | 9-37 |
[s] | muscle science | 9-38 | |
sh | [ ʃ ] | she fish shirt wash | 9-39 |
t在通常情况下 | [t] | ten letter meet | 9-40 |
[ ʃ] | patient nation | 9-41 | |
tch | [ tʃ ] | watch | 9-42 |
th在通常情况下 | [θ] | thin thirty method | 9-43 |
[ ] | the these with than | 9-44 | |
[ ] | clothe father weather | 9-45 | |
tr- | [tr] | tree train country truck | 9-46 |
v | [v] | very voice love leave | 9-47 |
w | [w] | week win wake sweet wait | 9-48 |
[/] | answer two | 9-49 | |
wh- | [w] | what when white why | 9-50 |
[h] | who whose whole | 9-51 | |
x | [ks] | box text exercise | 9-52 |
[gz] | examle exist exact | 9-53 | |
wr- | [r] | write | 9-54 |
y- | [j] | yes yard yellow young | 9-55 |
z | [z] | puzzle zero zoo | 9-56 |
不符合规则的词
9-13 get girl give gird girder girdle gink gimp gimme
9-14 和字母k一样,g在字母n前面通常不发音,也可把gn-看成一个辅字组:
gnarl gnar gnash gnat gnathic gnathism gnaw gnome gnomic gnu
单词字母g也有不发音的现象: diaphragm
9-56 seizure[ ]
sympathy | |
7. 特殊读音
1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
在连读中常见的四个音变:[z]+[j]=[ʒ],[s]+[j]=[ʃ],[d]+[j]=[dʒ],[t]+[j]=[tʃ]
2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦音等,前面的辅音要失去爆破,并浊化。例如:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。例如:Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
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