一．主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1 A tree has fallen across the road.
2 He told a joke but it fell flat
3 Three is enough.
4 The old are forced to work
5 To find your way can be a problem
6 Smoking is bad for you
7 The disabled are to receive more money
8 From Shatian to Guidong was a two-hour ride
9 Whenever you are ready will be fine.
二．谓语
谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分，叫谓语。谓语一般位于主语之后，谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词，它有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响；
1、行为动词 占动词数量的绝大多数，具有明确的动作意义,行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词，不及物动词本身词义完整，可以独立作谓语，及物动词本身词义不完整，必须后跟宾语共同作谓语；
2、连系动词(link v.)，起连接主语和表语的作用，本身有一定的词义，但是较弱，它和实意动词一样有时态和语态的变化，也受主语的人称和数的影响。连系动词可分为两大类：1）表示存在的连系动词，如：be，keep，look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是，保持), seem(好像)，lie(处于)，appear(呈现)等; 2）表示变化、形成的连系动词，如：become, get, turn, fall（变成），come(实现)，grow(变成)等。
3、助动词(aux v.),用以帮助行为动词和联系动词，构成各种时态、语态、语气，或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构；常见的助动词有：be, do, have, will ( shall )。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和行为动词或联系动词共同作谓语动词。
４、情态动词
情态动词又被称作情态助动词，有一定的词义，主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法，表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。初中阶段出现的情态动词有：can / could, may/might, must, shall/should,
思考
英语五大句型
1 主语＋联系动词＋表语”
2 主语＋不及物动词
3 主语＋及物动词＋宾语
4 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语
三 表语
表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、数量、（动作）方向或处所等。表语一般位于连系动词之后，二者共同构成谓语。可以担任表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句（表语从句）等。例如
1 Mr. Black is a worker
2 Those flowers are nice
3 ----Who is it?
--- It’s me.
4 My job is teaching English
5 My aim is to become a doctor
6 Mike is from England
7 Bill is not here，he is out
8 The telephone number is 3332117
9 That’s why I want to stay here
四 宾语
句子中，表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语，宾语是动作的承受着。英语中，及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句（宾语从句）
1 We couldn’t finish the work without his help
2 Yesterday, Tom’ mother looked after him at home
3 Give me three, please!
4 Ｉlike to play basketbal
5 I enjoy listening to music very much.
6 We must help the poor
7 I want to know what color is her favorite.
△几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是：poor, rich, young, old，happy, blind, beautiful等。
△宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词。
△少数能跟宾语的形容词有：happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。
△直接宾语和间接宾语：
He gave me an interesting book.＝He give an interesting book to me.
Please bring me some snacks.＝Please bring some snacks to me.
Mother told me a story last night.＝Mother told a story to me last night.
My uncle often teaches me English songs.
＝My uncle often teaches English songs to me.
△复合宾语
英语中，一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。能担任宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。例如：
We must keep our classroom clean. (形容词，Classroom和clean之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即：Our classroom is clean.)
We call the bird “Polly”.(名词)
(the bird和Polly之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：The bird is Polly.)
Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (动词不定式短语)
(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：We should do Exercise One.)
She always thinks others above herself. (介词短语)
(Others is always above herself.)
I brought my dog here. (副词，My dog was here.）
I saw Jack playing under a tree. (现在分词短语，Jack was playing under a tree.）
In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.
三、定 语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子，叫定语，也称之为名词的修饰语。与现代汉语的定语都是前置的所不同的是，英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；短语或句子（定语从句）作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语。能担任定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格（’s 或 of …）、分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句（定语从句）。例如：
１、冠词
Mr. Smith gave me a book..
２、形容词
The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.
３、代词
Our teacher is coming.(形容词性物主代词)
Which book is mine.(疑问代词)
４、数词
Mike has two brothers.(基数词)
Jim sits in the third row.(序数词)
５、名词
The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.
The women doctors are from Beijing.
Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students.
We met some men workers in the factory.
６、名词所有格
Mary’s brother is an engineer.
These are some photos of my father.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸本人的片)
These are some photos of my father's.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸收藏的照片)
７、副词
The people there are very friendly.(地点副词作后置定语)
The newspaper today is sold out.(时间副词作后置定语)
Would you like anything else?（后置定语）
８、介词短语
The boy under the tree is Jack. (介词短语作后置定语)
I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world.
Now children in cities and villages can get a good education.
Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter.
９、分词
The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (过去分词)
I know a boy called Tom.（过去分词短语作后置定语）
The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (现在分词)
The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(现在分词短语作后置定语)
It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries.
I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont.
１０、动词不定式
At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(动词不定式作后置定语)
In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.
She has two children to take care of.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)
They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.
１１、动名词
I often go to the reading room in the evening.(动名词)
The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(动名词短语作后置定语)
１２、定语从句
I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.(定语从句)
△ 后置定语的使用情形：
使 用 情 形 典 型 示 例
１、短语作定语时应后置。 The girl in a hat.戴帽子的那个女孩。
The boy swimming in the river.
在河里游泳的那个男孩。
a city called Beijing .
一个叫北京的城市
２、副词作定语时应后置
（1）、表示时间或地点的副词 the newspaper yesterday 昨天的报纸
作定语时应后置。常见的有： the people here 这里的人民
today , yesterday , the food there 那里的食物
tomorrow，here,there, the words below 下面的单词
bellow,above,upstairs, the room upstairs 楼上的那个房间
downstairs,abroad 。
（2）、副词else 与不定代词、 what else , anything else ,
疑问代词连用作定语时应后置。 somebody else 。
（３）、不定代词的定语应后置。
例如：
something,anything,nothing。 something new 一些新的东西
anything to drink 一些（任何）喝的东西
nothing important 没有什么重要的东西
△ 动词不定式作定语时，与所修饰的词通常存在逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：
Please give me something to eat. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to eat something;
There is no chair sit to sit on. 存在的逻辑动宾关系是：to sit on the chair; 所以介词 on 不能省略；
△ 名词作定语时一般不需要与其所修饰的词在数上保持一致，但是man 和woman 作定语时应和其所的名词在数上保持一致。例如：
An apple tree, three apple trees ; a bus driver, some bus drivers ;
a man worker , two men workers ; many women teachers .
△ 现在分词、过去分词以及动名词作定语时的区别：现在分词表示主动意义，表示所修饰的词正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，表示所修饰的名词所施加的被动动作已完成；动名词虽然在形式上与现在分词一样，但是不表示动作，而是表示所修饰的名词的内容或用途。
△ 相互之间意义独立的形容词修饰共同的名词时，一律放在前面。例如：
a beautiful young American girl ; an English training school.
四、状 语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句（状语从句），叫状语。状语在句中可以表示：时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方向以及伴随等情况。能担任状语的有：副词、介词短语、动词不定式、名词以及if,whether，when,while,as soon as,because , until ,before 等引导的状语从句。例如：
１、副词
He can play the guitar well. (程度)
Please read aloud!（方式）
I'm going to Beijing today.（时间）
It is raining hard.（方式）
Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.（方式）
We all went into the classroom excitedly.（方式）
Come in , please!（方向）
2 、介词短语
He stayed at home.（地点）
Thank you for your help.（原因）
Ann run to the door quickly.（方向）
My teacher went into his office with a smile.（方式）
Lily is taller than her sister. (比较)
I’m going to the hospital .（地点）
I like to go to school by bus.（方式）
I have been to Mount Huang with my parents.（方式）
People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far away mainly by letter or telegram. (方式)
We shall leave for Shanghai tomorrow. （地点）
But in order to help support their family, they had to work for the bosses.
３、动词不定式
The little boy is too young to look after himself.（结果）
I haven’t got money enough to buy the new bike.（结果）
４、名词
Wait a minute, please.（时间）
Come this way, please.（方向）
Come home earlier this evening.（时间）
Thanks a lot. (程度)
People's living conditions have improved a lot. (程度)
５、状语从句
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.（条件）
When we get there, we shall come to see you right away. （时间）
I'll not come to his party unless I get his invitation. （条件）
I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.
I'll write an E-mail to you as soon as I get to America.（时间）
Jack stays in bed because he is ill today. （原因）
I got up early this morning so that I could catch up the train. (目的)
The movie is so interesting that I have seen it twice. （结果）
Life was so hard that people had no time or money to enjoy leisure activities. （结果）
Father came back while I was cooking the supper. （时间）
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