长篇童话故事

发布时间:2019-01-02 01:42:31   来源:文档文库   
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长篇童话故事

  篇一:幼儿文学
  第六章幼儿童话
  第一节童话概述
  一、童话的概念及其历史发展
  童话是一种具有浓厚幻想色彩的虚构故事,它最切近儿童的心理,是儿童文学特有的体裁。
  在我国古代,没有童话的名称,却存在不少成文的童话故事,如《白衣素女》讲述的就是大家熟悉的田螺姑娘的故事。童话这一名称,出现在我国清代末年。但当时所称童话,其实是泛指给孩子阅读的种种故事。五四新文化运动以后,童话作为一种幻想性极强的叙事文体、一种儿童文学的重要样式,终于得到人们普遍的承认。童话起源于神话传说。神话是原始人类在生产力和知识水平低下的原始时期,对自己不认识、不理解的一些自然和社会现象所作的幻想性解释。传说是一种与一定的地点、人物、历史事实、自然风物和社会习俗有一定联系的故事。由神话传说演变而来的民间故事可分为现实性较强的故事和幻想性较强的故事(民间童话)两大类。民间童话的幻想世界、艺术形象、表现手法与神话传说一脉相承,但角色自由灵活,不受限制。作为一种口头创作,民间故事在各民族中时代相传,人们依据自己的理想和需要不断加以补充或改造。后来,一些文学工作者对民间童话进行搜集、整理,用文字记载下来,有些作家还对它们进行加工改编或再创作;又经过不断的发展,作家掌握了童话的艺术规律,从自己的生活实践取材、进行构思创作,童话就成了文学中一种独立的体裁。古代印度的《五卷书》、阿拉伯民族的《一千零一夜》等都是经过搜集整理而成的民间童话集。较早对民间童话进行改写的是法国作家夏尔·贝洛(16281703),他从欧洲的传说故事中取材,写成《小红帽》、《睡美人》、《灰姑娘》等童话,于1697年结集为《鹅妈妈的故事》。大量搜集整理民间童话的是19世纪德国的格林兄弟,他们以《儿童和家庭故事集》为名发表的二百多篇童话,是具有世界影响的第一部巨型民间故事集。
  世界童话大师安徒生(18051875)起初的创作,如《打火匣》、《小克劳斯和大克劳斯》等也取材于民间童话,而稍后的《小意达的花儿》、《海的女儿》、《丑小鸭》等则体现了作家的创作风格。安徒生是文学童话的奠基人,他的童话标志着创作童话的诞生,他开创了作家创作童话的时代。
  19世纪中叶以来,欧洲各国童话佳作不断问世,童话的体裁由短篇进展至中、长篇。其中有不少是幼儿童话,如英国作家金期莱的长篇《水孩子》,刘易斯·卡罗尔的中篇《艾丽丝漫游奇境记》,意大利科洛迪的长篇《木偶奇遇记》等。
  我国的创作童话出现于五四前后。1923年叶圣陶的童话集《稻草人》出版,这是我国第一部创作童话集。30年代初,张天翼发表了长篇童话《大林和小林》、《秃秃大王》等,为我国的长篇童话创作奠定了基础。
  二、童话的基本特征和表现手法
  童话是一种非写实性文学。幻想是童话的基本特征,没有幻想就没有童话。那么,如何理解童话的幻想呢?首先,童话的幻想植根于现实;其次,幻想是童话反映生活的特殊艺术手段。童话的艺术幻想主要通过某些艺术手法来表现,这些艺术手法包括夸张、象征、拟人、神化、变形、怪诞等。
  童话夸张手法的特点及作用:童话的夸张是一种强烈的、极度的夸张,小说的夸张则有一定的分寸和限度。小说的夸张是极言以显真,目的是让读者信服作者所言,童话运用夸张却是着意表现那决非真实的虚幻境界。童话夸张在于造就浓烈的幻想氛围;突出所描绘的形象和环境的主要特征,同时也使作品产生诱人的美感、趣味感和幽默感。童话拟人手法的特点:童话拟人的范围十分广泛,包括对动物、植物、非生物、自然现象以及观念、概念、思想品格等方面。拟人形象既具有人的某些特点,又不等同于生活中真实的人,身上仍然保留某些物的属性。
  三、童话人物形象的类型
  童话中的人物形象有三大类型:(1)拟人形象,这是童话中最常见的艺术形象;(2)超人形象,即具有超人的神奇能力,能创造自然奇迹的形象;(3)常人形象,是以人的本来面目出现于童话中的形象。
  四、童话的分类
  从作者分,有民间童话和创作童话;
  从体裁分,有童话故事、童话诗、童话剧等;
  从篇幅长短分,有长篇童话、中篇童话、短篇童话等;
  从内容分,有文学童话和科学童话(知识童话)。
  五、童话的作
  童话不仅给孩子带来巨大的欢乐,也给予他们多方面的营养(即童话的作用)。首
  先童话帮助儿童明白事理、增长知识;其次,童话有助于发展儿童的想象和幻想能力;再次,童话能培养美感,陶冶情操;此外,童话还具有很大的娱乐作用。
  第二节幼儿童话的特点
  童话之中比较浅近、适合于幼儿听赏的作品就是幼儿童话。幼儿童话具有一般童话的共性,当然也有自己的个性特点:
  1,融进幼儿心理特点的艺术幻想(无所不在、无所不能的想象,带有明显的幼稚性和夸张性,总是洋溢着幼儿的游戏精神);
  2,以拟人为主体的童话形象(拟人范围十分广泛,既有性又有性);3,单纯明快的叙事方式(人物性格往往是一种单纯的类型化的性格,情节也总是只作单纯的线性展开,背景也很单纯,一般都是虚化的)。
  常为幼儿童话所采用的民间童话叙事方式主要有:
  三段式:将性质相同而具体内容相异的三个或三个以上的事件连贯在一起。循环式:故事情节的展开仿佛转了一个圆圈,周而复始。
  对照式:以性格截然相反的人物为中心两两对照或同一人物前后不同的表现和遭遇对照。
  第三节幼儿童话的改编
  为幼儿改编童话,除要选择内容可为幼儿接受的作品,遵循幼儿文学创作的基本要求外,还要注意:
  第一,主题鲜明,即简化主题,使它单纯明确;
  第二,脉络清晰,事件的逻辑关系要简单,作品的结构要单纯紧凑,作品的开头应开门见山;
  第三,语言生动,即浅近、生动、有趣。
  第四节幼儿童话和寓言
  一、寓言概述
  寓言是一种含有明显讽喻意义的短小故事。寓言由喻体和本体两方面组成。寓意鲜明集中,是寓言的突出特点。运用比喻手法,是寓言的另一特点。结构简单、语言精练,这是寓言的又一特点。
  寓言和童话有不少相近之处:它们的故事都是虚构的、幻想的;都可以采用各种生物或非生物来做故事的人物,并通过拟人、夸张、象征等手法去表现。
  童话和寓言也有不同的特点:寓言的篇幅短小,情节简单,语言朴素;而童话的篇幅较长,结构也更曲折复杂,能细致地刻画人物,描写景物。童话的幻想丰富多彩,植根于生活,尊重幻想情节发展的逻辑性;寓言的幻想只求与现实事物相通,故事仅仅为表达寓意而存在。
  寓言最初也是一种人民的口头创作,流传于民间。寓言在世界上有三大发祥地:印度、希腊和中国。古印度的《五卷书》是闻名世界的寓言童话集。希腊的《伊索寓言》被誉为西方寓言的始祖。我国春秋战国时期是寓言文学最发达的时期,先秦著作中存有大量寓言。
  二、怎样为幼儿改写寓言
  寓言的寓意一般比较深刻,幼儿难以理解,但是,许多寓言的故事部分又是幼儿乐于听赏的,因此,把寓言介绍给幼儿就有了改写问题。那么怎样把寓言改写成为幼儿能接受的故事呢?
  1,增添形象,扩展情节;
  2,丰富原有形象,添加细节;
  3,改用浅显生动的语言。
  同步综合练习
  一、单项选择题〔在每小题列出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符台要求的,请将正确的选项前的字母填在题后括号内。)
  1童话这一名称出现在我国清代末年
  2.童话起源于C.神话传说
  3.世界上较早对民间童话进行改写的是A.法国作家夏尔·贝洛
  4.下列童话不是童话大师安徒生的作品的是《小红帽》
  5.下列童话哪一篇是法国作家夏尔·贝洛写的?A.《灰姑娘》
  6.著名长篇童话《木偶奇遇记》的作者是C.意大利作家科洛迪
  7.被誉为文学童话的奠基人,开创了作家创作童话的时代的是安徒生
  8.我国第一部创作童话集是《稻草人》
  9.下列童话哪一篇不是叶圣陶的作品? C.《大林和小林》
  10.著名童话《神笔马良》的作者是 A.洪汛涛
  11.童话的基本特征是幻想
  12.幼儿童话中最常见的艺术形象是拟人形象
  13.按作者为标准,童话可分为创作童话和民间童话
  14.寓言在世界上的三大发样地是印度、希腊和中国
  15.被誉为西方寓言始祖的是C.《伊索寓言》
  16.在17世纪,曾用诗体写寓言的是法国的C.拉封丹
  17.我国寓言文学最发达的时期是 A.春秋战国
  18.寓言《唇亡齿寒》出自《吕氏春秋》
  19.超人童话形象是指具有超人的神奇能力,能创造超自然奇迹的形象,如B.普希金《渔夫和金鱼的故事》中的金鱼
  20.张天翼的长篇童话《秃秃大王》中对秃秃大王的刻画所运用的主要艺术手法是怪诞
  二、多项选择题〔在每小题列出的五个选项中,有二至五个选项是符台题目要求的,请将正确选项前的字母填在题后括号内,多选、少选、错选均不得分。)
  1.下列童话出自安徒生之手的有
  A.《海的女儿》 B.《睡美人》C.《丑小鸭》 D.《小克劳斯和大克劳斯》
  2五四前后,曾经为儿童创作过童话的作家有A.叶圣陶 B.茅盾
  C.郑振铎
  3.童话中的人物形象的类型有B.常人形象C.拟人形象 D.超人形象
  4.为幼儿改编童话,除要遵循幼儿文学创作的基本要求外,还要注意
  A.主题明确D.脉络清晰E.语言生动
  5.下列先秦著作,记录有寓言的有
  A.《庄子》 B.《列子》C.《韩非子》 O.《战国策》E.《吕氏春秋》]
  6.下列有关童话的说法,正确的有
  A.童话最早属于民间文学,流传在人民的口头创作中
  B.童话的时间往往是一个模糊的概念,空间也是一处抽象的环境
  D.没有幻想就没有童话
  7.下列有关寓言的说法,错误的有
  C.运用比喻的手法,是寓言最大的特点。
  E.古印度的《五卷书》是闻名世界的寓言童话集,被誉为寓言的始祖
  三、名词解释
  童话:一种具有浓厚幻想色彩的虚构故事。它最切近儿童的心理,是儿童文学特有的体
  篇二:中国现代第一部现实主义长篇童话是() A.《稻草人》 B.《古代英雄
  一、整体解读
  试卷紧扣教材和考试说明,从考生熟悉的基础知识入手,多角度、多层次地考查了学生的数学理性思维能力及对数学本质的理解能力,立足基础,先易后难,难易适中,强调应用,不偏不怪,达到了考基础、考能力、考素质的目标。试卷所涉及的知识内容都在考试大纲的范围内,几乎覆盖了高中所学知识的全部重要内容,体现了重点知识重点考查的原则。
  1.回归教材,注重基础
  试卷遵循了考查基础知识为主体的原则,尤其是考试说明中的大部分知识点均有涉及,其中应用题与抗战胜利70周年为背景,把爱国主义教育渗透到试题当中,使学生感受到了数学的育才价值,所有这些题目的设计都回归教材和中学教学实际,操作性强。
  2.适当设置题目难度与区分度
  选择题第12题和填空题第16题以及解答题的第21题,都是综合性问题,难度较大,学生不仅要有较强的分析问题和解决问题的能力,以及扎实深厚的数学基本功,而且还要掌握必须的数学思想与方法,否则在有限的时间内,很难完成。
  3.布局合理,考查全面,着重数学方法和数学思想的考察
  在选择题,填空题,解答题和三选一问题中,试卷均对高中数学中的重点内容进行了反复考查。包括函数,三角函数,数列、立体几何、概率统计、解析几何、导数等几大版块问题。这些问题都是以知识为载体,立意于能力,让数学思想方法和数学思维方式贯穿于整个试题的解答过程之中。
  篇三:王尔德童话集读后感 英文 长篇
  The Stories for Half-Children
  ------Thoughts given by Complete Fairy Tales of Oscar Wilde
  Generally speaking, fairy tales are composed only for children while Wilde’s stories aren’t suitable for them, since their world is supposed to be pure and wonderful, filled with stories about the happy life of the princes and the princesses. On the contrary,many half-children are touched by it, having seen through the vicissitudes of life in the process of growing, whose innocence gradually vanished.
  This book brings together all the stories found in Wilde’s two collections,The Happy Prince and Other Tales and A House of Pomegranates, respectively concluding The Happy Prince,The Nightingale and the Rose, The Selfish Giant, The Devoted Friend, The Remarkable Rocket and The Young King, The Birthday of the Infanta, The Fisherman and His Soul,The Star-Child.Among these philosophical and meaningful stories,I was shocked and inspired by the former two.
  The Happy Prince lives a worry-free and carefree life before hedeparts from this life. Ultimately, he is made into a statue towering over the city. Hisbody is covered with a thin layer of gold film, his eyes are made of bright sapphires, and the hilt is also covered with a shiny glowing huge ruby. However, when he sees all the ugly and poor in his city, he pleasesa little swallow to help poor people in the city.Firstly, he givesa poor embroidery workerthe ruby on his swordhandle. Then he again gives a poor writer one of his sapphire eyes. And then he gives another one to a little girl selling matches on the square. Finally he gives the poorthe whole gold leaves which cover the statue. As aresult, the happy Prince becomes unsightly ugly and the little swallowthat helps him achieve his dreamsfreezes to death at his feetbecause there is no time for him to the south.
  “Happy indeed I was, if pleasure be happiness. So I lived, and so I died. And now that I am dead they have set me up here so high that I can see all the ugliness and all the misery of my city, and though my heart is made of lead yet I cannot choose but weep.” This speaking of the happy Prince deserves thinking.What is happiness and what is pleasure?The happy Prince and the swallow give their most precious things, in order to send those poor people health, happiness and well-being, showing a quite high spiritual realm.Bathed insensation, I understand the truth: giving produces happiness all the time! The real meaning of happiness is to give and help. There is no doubt that The happy Prince feel happy and blessed even if he becomes a shabby statue that isa little better than a beggar, ruby having fallen out of his sword ,his eyes gone, and golden leaves covering body no longer.
  However, I feel not only moving things but also sadness in the fairy tale. The little swallow which helpsthe happy Prince relief to the poor freezes to death, and the happy Prince’s heart made of lead breaks. This is where the sorrow of the fairy tale lies.What should be noticed is that to help the people by relying on a person's strength is impossible, and the collective strength is crucial. Maybe this is exact implication expressed in Oscar Wilde fairy tales.
  Another famous story is The Nightingale and the Rose.A nightingale overhears a student complaining that his professor's daughter will not dance with him,as he is unable to give her a red rose.The nightingale visits all the rose-trees in the garden,and one of the roses tells her there is a way to produce a red rose,but only if the nightingale is prepared to sing the sweetest song for the rose all night with her heart pressing into a thorn,sacrificing her life.Seeing the student in tears,and valuing his human life above her bird life,the nightingale carries out the ritual.She impales herself on the rose-tree's thorn so that her heart's blood can stain the rose.The student takes the rose to the professor's daughter,but she again rejects him because another man has
  sent her some real jewels,and "everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers." The student angrily throws the rose into the gutter,returns to his study of metaphysics,and decides not to believe in true love anymore.
  Some say that the nightingale stains roses with her heart's bloodfor the student, so as to let roses bloom beautiful petals, while the studentis disheartened anddiscards roses after being refused by the girl, which makes them feel unworthy, and think the nightingale istragic. However, in my opinion, the nightingale is not sad. If you stand on the point of Nightingale, to pay the maximum price she can pay for the person she loves is a blessing. Coupled with the nightingale is not seeking anything in return, what is the regret? As long as she is willing, even if the other one does not know, it is not a sad thing. Such a great consciousness, personally, can fully compare with the daughter of the seaby Andersen.
  Another people think that the girl is too snobbish. But from another perspective, the girl is not at fault. This is the materialistic world. Bread is easier to attract people to chase than daffodils. Shiny gem overshadowed roses. Although people can understand the girl's behavior, but more feel helpless.
  “What a silly thing love is. It is not half as useful as Logic, for it does not prove anything, and it is always telling one of things that are not going to happen, and making one believe things that are not true. In fact,it is quite unpractical, and, as in this age to be practical is everything”The poor student ultimately realizes "In the real world, the most important is practical." The young lover has been injured by the love before having a wonderful love experience, only to return to his "philosophical and metaphysical books".His spirituality was imprisoned in a tall ivory tower, and he never touches things outside. It certainly will not hurt him, but he can no longer taste vicissitudes and understand the complexity and diversity of humanity. Thus, the student is the saddest character in the story
  According to thosepoignant and moving stories, self-sacrifice for love and art, humanity and hope are the themes of his fairy tales all the time.

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