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发布时间：2023-10-11 07:47:13 来源：文档文库

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ManchuCultureFirstofall,letmeintroducealanguagewhichhasvanishedfromthedailylife.ItisManchulanguage.TheManchupeoplehavelargelybeenassimilatedbytheHanpeople.TheManchulanguageisalmostextinct,nowspokenonlyamongasmallnumberofelderlypeopleinremoteareasofnortheasternChinaandafewscholars.ThesongyouheardjustnowisaManchuberceuse.ManchuandMandarinManchuhasaprofoundandbrillianthistoryofnearly1,400years.Inthe16thcentury,thewrittenlanguageoftheManchupeoplewascreatedfromcharactersbasedontheMongolianlanguage,withdotsfollowingthedistinctivecharactersandverticallywrittenform.Forexample,(满语itmeans“hello,everyone!”Thewordreadsas阿哥，itmeansunmarriedboy.Thiswordreadsas格格，itmeansunmarriedgirl.ThepronunciationofManchulanguageissimilarwiththatoftheMongolianlanguage.ManchubeganasaprimarylanguageintheQingdynasty.AstheManchupeoplemigratedfromnortherntocentralChina,theylearnedandadoptedtheChineselanguageofthedominantHan,buttheyspokeChinesewithaspecialpronunciationwhichwasdifferentfromthatoftheHanpeople.Atthesametime,theManchulanguageproduceinfluencestolocalChinese,namelyBeijingdialect.Asyouknow,theStandardChinese(PutonghuaisbasedonthepronunciationofBeijingdialect.Thustheso-calledPutonghuafeaturesmuchtraitoftheManchulanguage.(So,now,wewillbemoreclearabouthowdoestheword“mandarin”
comesfrom?PoliticsandReligionForthispart,IwillgiveyouanintroductiontothemilitarysystemofearlyManchurianperiod.Nurhachidividedhistroopsintofourpartsandeachpartwasidentifiedbythecolorofitsbanner.Asthetroopsexpanded,anotherfourpartswereadded,withanotherfourkindsofbannersofdifferentcolors.Thusthewell-knownEight-bannerArmycameintobeing.Forthenextpart,I’dliketotellyousomethingaboutManchureligion.TheancientManchupeoplebelievedinshamanism.Theyworshiptheforcesofnature.(Thisistheshaman.Later,influencedbyBuddhism,TaoismandConfucianism,theirbeliefstookonapluralisticquality.ItisnotuncommontoseestatuesofBodhisattva,Kwan-yin/GuanYuandothergodsenshrinedinManchuhousesforblessing.Forexample,intheShenyangImperialPalace,GuanYuwasworshipedintheQingningPalace.ClothesThisisthetraditionalclothesoftheManchu.Manchumen’sclothingonceconsistedofashortandadjustedjacketoveralonggownwithabeltatthewaisttofacilitatehorse-ridingandhunting.UnliketheHanpeople,theManchudidnotpracticefootbinding.Generally,Manchuwomenlikedtodressincolorfulclothingwithvariouspatterns.Theclothingwasusuallymadeofsilk,cottonorlinen.ThecheongsamisfamousforitseleganceintheManchuclothingculture.Originallyitwasadaily

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