英语学术写作（English for Academic Writing）
练习（一）标点符号的使用
（1） 逗号的使用
例句1：The specimens, each of which was cruciform, weighed 90–100 g..
= The specimens were cruciform and weighed 90–100 g.
例句2：X not Y was the most useful.
= X, not Y, was the most useful.
1. This device, as is well known, will separate X from Y.
2. Let us strengthen, by means of the circuit of Fig. 3b, the example given in the previous subsection.
3. This book, which is aimed at non native researchers, contains a series of exercises practicing writing skills.
4. This paper, which is an amplified version of a paper presented at the Third Conference on Writing, is divided into five main parts.
5. The results of the survey, once they have been processed, will be used to make a full assessment of the advantages of such an approach.
6. Let us take into consideration, using the data given in Table 1, the most important parameters.
7. Artists have always experimented with a variety of organic natural materials for use as paint binders and varnishes and as ingredients for mordants.
8. First he spoke about X and then about Y.
9. For breakfast I have yoghurt corn flakes and bacon and egg.
10. In direct inlet mass spectrometry solid or liquid samples are introduced into a small glass cup.
11. It costs $2200000.
12 . More and more Americans wait until the deadline to pay their bills.
13. The menu offered the usual choices of turkey lamb and chicken.
14. The paper is in three parts. Firstly we look into X. Secondly we discuss Y. Thirdly we investigate Z.
（2） 分号的使用
以下标号处的分号是否使用得当？请更正或保留。
One relatively easy method to collect information is asking for it directly from the individual under a form of questionnaire. I used questionnaires from bilingual subjects located in Florence, (1) Tuscany; Milan, (2) Lombardy; and Rome, Lazio. The participants were asked, for example, when they acquired their second (3) language; if they use both languages (4) regularly; and how they self-rate their level of proficiency in reading, listening, writing and speaking. Issues may arise from a different importance given to factors affecting language (5) acquisition; for example, can the length of residence in a foreign country be considered an index of pro fi ciency? Some 27 attempts have been made to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire, which could predict the relationships with objective measures (e.g., Marian, Blumenfeld & Kaushanskaya, (6) 2007; Tokowicz, Michael & Kroll, 2004). Although these questionnaires were all different, they showed a consistent degree of overlapping items, for example, age of L2 (i.e. second language) first (7) exposure; years of L2 instruction (8) received; and language spoken at home. Li et al. (2006) identified these recurring items, which were consolidated into a single (9) source; however, despite the authors’ intention to add new functions to the interface they did not develop it further.
（3） 括号的使用
以下句子的括号是否使用得当？请更正或保留。
1. If the method is used correctly (i.e. each step is followed in sequence) then the results are generally in line with the best results obtained by other authors in the literature (e.g. Smith [2011], Yang [2012] and Singh [2013]).
2. For certain countries (e.g. Peru, Chile and Honduras) these distinctions do no apply.
3. The software performs all the checks (price, quantity, quality).
4. In practice this allows the users to shift the queries to one direction or the other, depending on a (positive or negative) skewing factor.
5. We decided to use this procedure (as de fined in ISO 12 / 998) as it is generally more efficient.
（4） 连字号的使用
以下句子是否需要连字号？若是，请补全。
1 (a) These spread from cell to cell .
1 (b) Cell to cell communication is frequent.
2 (a) This behavior is human like .
2 (b) This is a human like behavior.
3 (a) This is a well known problem.
3 (b) This problem is well known .
4 (a) We will review the state of the art in the literature.
4 (b) This is a state of the art piece of equipment.
5 (a) This is used to clean up the sample.
5 (b) Do this after the clean up procedure.
6 (a) There is a one to one correspondence.
6 (b) These should be done one by one .
7 (a) A traditional single cluster assignment.
7 (b) There is just a single cluster .
8 (a) These students are in their third year .
8 (b) These are third year students.
9 (a) This is a little used car – it is very compact.
9 (b) This is a little used car – it has only done 2000 km.
10 (a) We approached several foreign car dealers (e.g. Ferrari, Honda,
Kia) who told us …
10 (b) We approached several foreign car dealers (i.e. not from the USA)
who told us …
（5） 大写的使用
例句： Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity: the problems of using long words needlessly.
= Consequences of Erudite Vernacular Utilized Irrespective of Necessity: the Problems of Using Long Words Needlessly.
1. A guide to writing research papers for non-native speakers of English.
2. The role of English in the twenty first century.
3. The history of teaching English as a foreign language.
4. An innovative system for the automatic translation of research papers.
5. The values are shown in table 1. This table also shows the daily doses from monday to friday.
6. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the university of manchester. Thanks are also due to dr susan james for revising the english of the manuscript.
7. In order to maximize background conductivity, a dionex anion micro membrane suppressor (dionex, sunnyvale, usa) was employed.
8. This paper introduces logibase, a system that integrates a spreadsheet, a relational data base, and logic programming paradigms by exploiting boolean values.
(6) 总结练习A
以下是一篇学术论文引文部分（Introduction），请给它注上合适的标点符号。
The order in which we say or write something generally reflects the importance we want to give to each individual item in english we tend to put the subject first because by doing this the interlocutor immediately knows what the main topic is going to be we then need to insert the verb and then the object which is generally of secondary importance this may seem obvious it isnt in many languages the subject or a part of the verb may appear at the end of the sentence this fact would seem to indicate that we dont all have the same thought patterns and that for other nationalities it may not be important to immediately know the argument of the sentence.
The result is that we as listeners or readers have certain expectations as to the order in which the words are going to appear if this order is not respected we may be thrown off the trail in much the same way foreign students when speaking tend to stress inappropriate words in a sentence highlighting words that for an english speaker would normally have no relevance the reason for this is that both english word order and English stress are strictly related to meaning in other languages this is not always the case the problem is of course that students tend to transfer their native word and stress into english.
（7） 综合练习B
请给以下段落注上合适的括号，分号或大写。
The homeless population involved in the study include those in temporary or insecure housing in a hostel staying with friends or relatives out of necessity or sleeping rough. clients were screened at thirty five sites which make up the main hostels, nightshelters and day centres for homeless people and refugees in the south london boroughs of lambeth, lewisham and southwark many of these agencies target homeless people who do not normally access other services particularly health care the screening was advertised in advance at each site as a free service available to all with incentives free meals provided regular screening sessions were arranged at each site over a number of months the frequency of sessions depended on the size of the centre and the daily turnover of clients the overall uptake of the screening at each site was estimated by calculating the average number of volunteers for the screening at each centre as a percentage of the average daily capacity of each drop in centre or hostel.
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