2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷
(总分：116.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)
1.______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）
A.Chomsky
B.Saussure
C.Bloomfield
D.Halliday
2.A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（分数：2.00）
A.comprehension
B.performance
C.perception
D.competence
3."I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）
A.displacement
B.creativity
C.duality
D.arbitrariness
4.The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______.（分数：2.00）
A.Bloomfield
B.Saussure
C.Chomsky
D.Halliday
5.Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）
A.Processing utterances.
B.Producing utterances.
C.Language acquisition.
D.Componential analysis.
6.The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（分数：2.00）
A.Articulatory phonetics
B.Auditory phonetics
C.Phonological process
D.Acoustic phonetics
7.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）
A.Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".
B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.
C.There are two nasal consonants in English.
D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.
8.______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（分数：2.00）
A.Diphthongs
B.Pure Vowels
C.Cardinal Vowels
D.Vowel Glides
9.The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（分数：2.00）
A.consonants
B.places of articulation
C.vowels
D.manners of articulation
10.Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（分数：2.00）
A.Voiceless alveolar affricate.
B.Voiceless bilabial nasal.
C.Voiced alveolar stop.
D.Voiced alveolar fricative.
11.Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（分数：2.00）
A.High front tense unrounded vowel.
B.High back lax rounded vowel.
C.Mid central lax unrounded vowel.
D.Low back lax rounded vowel.
12.The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（分数：2.00）
A.allophone
B.phoneme
C.sound
D.syllable
13.______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（分数：2.00）
A.Allomorph
B.Word
C.Morpheme
D.Root
14.______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（分数：2.00）
A.Affix
B.Suffix
C.Stem
D.Prefix
15.By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（分数：2.00）
A.substitutability
B.position
C.co-occurrence
D.coordination
16.______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（分数：2.00）
A.Subject
B.Predicate
C.Object
D.Complement
17.______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（分数：2.00）
A.Particles
B.Auxiliaries
C.Pro-forms
D.Determiners
18.Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（分数：2.00）
A.Nouns.
B.Conjunctions.
C.Determiners.
D.Prepositions
19.______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（分数：2.00）
A.Hyponymy
B.Antony my
C.Polysemy
D.Synonymy
20.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（分数：2.00）
A.An Integrated Theory
B.Speech Act Theory
C.The Classical Theory
D.The Referential Theory
二、填空题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)
21. 1 studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
22.Hymes" theory of 1was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
23.As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
24.According to Langacker, 1 is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
25.In cognitive linguistics, 1 is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
26.Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a 1 schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
27.ARGUMENT IS WAR is a 1metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
28.In the cognitive literature, 1 is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
29. 1 theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
30.Hymes points out that a 1 refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
31.The 1 hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker"s unique ways of understanding of the world.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
32.An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and 1 was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
33. 1 linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
34.As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
35.Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, 1, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
36.John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to 1, which was published posthumously in 1962.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
37.According to Austin, though 1 cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
38.The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant 1 must be appropriate.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
39.Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of 1.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
40.The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, 1 and non-conventionality.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
41.Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of 1 communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
42.According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is 1 to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
43.In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of 1, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
44.Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by 1 which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
45.A popular term in Stylistics, 1, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
46.Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are 1.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
47.A/An 1 foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
48.On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is 1.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
49.The term 1was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
50. 1is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
三、写作题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)
51.Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
52.Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
53.The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
54.The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
55.Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
56.There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior; a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
57.Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
58.Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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