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发布时间：2024-03-07 20:00:31 来源：文档文库
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. ★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual. ★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?
Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.
Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
Chapter2 Phonology ★three branches of phonetics: ①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.
★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity– 咽腔 Oral cavity– 口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity– 鼻腔
★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/ ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~ ★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
★rules in Phonology: ①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. ★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. (intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are .
. caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature. Chapter3 Morphology ★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Such as Beatnik. Closed class words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the grammatical or functional words. The number of such words is small and stable since few new words are added.
Chapter4
Syntax ★determine a word’s category: 