Cover page
Summary
一个国家的饮食与它的文化息息相关，不同的国家有着不同的文化，从而也衍生了各具特色的各国饮食。意大利作为欧洲国家的一个典型代表，总所周知，意大利的美食是天下闻名的。它的文化底蕴非常深厚，而且从南到北有几个不同的区域，促使了它的饮食文化多种多样。本文分析了意大利的饮食特点，饮食文化，以及区域性的饮食，以此来探讨这个美食家的民族。
Introduction
意大利地处欧洲南部的亚平宁半岛，约有人口7600多万，绝大多数信奉天主教。自公元前753年罗马城兴建以来，罗马帝国在吸取了古希腊文明精华的基础上，发展出先进的古罗马文明，从而成为当时欧洲的政治、经济和文化中心。以佛罗伦萨城为首的王公贵族们，纷纷以研究开发烹调技艺及拥有厨艺精湛的厨师来展现自己的实力与权力，并以此为尊贵和荣耀。因此，当时一般的平民百姓认为只要能成为烹调料理的高手，就有置身贵族圈的机会，以至全国上下弥漫在烹调技艺的研发乐趣之中，顺势将餐饮业发展推向鼎盛时期，进而奠定出“西餐之母”的神圣地位，并影响了欧洲的大部分地区，被誉为“欧洲大陆烹饪之始祖”。
意大利民族是一个美食家的民族，他们在饮食方面有着悠久历史，如同他们的艺术、时装和汽车，总是喜欢精心制作。意大利美食典雅高贵，且浓重朴实，讲究原汁原味。意大利菜系非常丰富，菜品成千上万，除了大家耳熟能详的比萨饼和意大利粉，它的海鲜和甜品都闻名遐迩。源远流长的意大利餐，对欧美国家的餐饮产生了深厚影响，并发展出包括法餐、美国餐在内的多种派系，故有“西餐之母”之美称。
BODY
義大利菜讓人直覺想到義大利麵、餃子和現今最流行的pizza、義大利濃縮咖啡( espresso)以及卡不奇諾咖啡(cappuccino)，同時也會讓我們聯想到大量的使用蕃茄、橄欖油以及而義大利菜在運用香料方面也算是鼻祖，大體上義大利菜可分為北方和南方二種品味，南方屬於鄉村菜系，味道較重，大蒜、辣椒用的比例較，然而義大利菜能在世界各地佔得一席之地實非浪得虛名，而它對西餐文化的貢獻更是不可磨滅。公元1533年，意大利公主凯瑟琳·狄·麦迪奇下嫁法国王储亨利二世时，带了30位厨师前往，将新的食物与烹饪方法引介至法国。法国人则将两国烹饪上的优点加以融合，并逐步将其发扬光大，创造出当今最负盛名的西餐代表——“法国菜”。其次，意大利人发明餐用叉子，为餐桌上的文化立下新的批注。
世界上可以与中国餐馆在数量与欢迎度上并驾齐驱的只有意大利餐馆，意大利披萨、意大利通心粉简直就是全球共通语言，意大利是「吃文化」的强势主流，因为背后有丰富的食材与高超的厨艺支撑这个令人垂涎的美食帝国，非用味觉你无法体会。
1. 意大利人饮食特点：意大利菜肴最为注重原料的本质、本色，成品力求保持原汁原味。味浓香烂，以原汁原味闻名，在烹煮过程中非常喜欢用蒜、葱、西红柿酱、干酪，讲究制作沙司。烹调方法以炒、煎、烤、红烩、红焖等居多，并喜用面条、 米饭做菜，而不作为主食用。通常将主要材料或裹或腌，或煎或烤，再与配料一起烹煮，从而使菜肴的口味异常出色，缔造出层次分明的多重口感。意大利菜肴对火候极为讲究，很多菜肴要求烹制成六、七成熟，而有的则要求鲜嫩带血。
口味爱好：喜吃烤羊腿、牛排等和口味醇浓的菜。各种面条、炒饭、馄饨、饺子、面疙瘩也爱吃。意大利的美食如同它的文化：高贵、典雅、味道独特。精美可口的面食、奶酪、火腿和葡萄酒成为世界各国美食家向往的天堂。 意大利人的确是出了名的好客，在意大利做客，主人通常都会准备丰盛的食物来招待客人。事实上，一顿完整的意大利餐也确实份量惊人，通常服务生一定会先送上一盆热呼呼的面包，好一点的餐厅是自己烘培的，次一等的是外面买现成的，总之是必备的；通常还会有火腿片、香肠片放在桌上（尤其是家常餐听）供你取用，这只是餐前点心喔！ 而「开胃菜」（Antipasto）则是为了开启你对接下来的美食的憧憬，最具代表性的开胃菜是密瓜火腿，酥软香甜的地中海蜜瓜（Prosciutto Melone），搭配细腻偏咸的帕玛火腿（Parma Ham）薄片，风味绝佳。 接着是一道意大利面食，这还只是「前菜」（Primo Piatto），以米饭、面食或是特产的玉米团为主。吃完意大利面食之后，会上一道蔬菜水果沙拉醒醒胃，稍作休息之后，就上主菜（Second Piatto），可能是鱼或肉，加附一碗汤。然后是甜点（Dolce），并以浓醇的Espresso咖啡划下完美的句点。 Cultural 历史和文化的多样性导致了食物种类的多样性 意大利是一个有着悠久历史的国家，其灿烂的文化底蕴繁衍了很多各具特色的食物种类。你现在所看到的意大利这个「国家」，其实是150年前才统一的，长久以来，这只深入地中海的长靴是由20个不同的国家组成，各有其独特的文化。因为这种各自为政的历史背景，意大利各地的料理也枝繁叶茂地各自发展出自己的风味，光是意大利面的种类即高达200余种、乳酪有500种，更不要提意大利最平常饮料──葡萄酒，竟然有1000多种。
舒适自在的用餐气氛 如果就世界上最受欢迎的三大菜系—中国料理、法国料理、意大利料理做个比较，口味可说各擅胜场，难分高下；而就餐馆用餐的气氛与礼仪上，中国人随遇而安，口味好最重要，装潢、陈设、规矩则随意；法国人喜爱排场，处处考就摆谱，长短刀叉、大小杯盘林林总总，非让你头昏不可；意大利刚好取其中，因为吃饭这件事情如此重要，加上意大利人天生的热情豪放，融洽而自在的用餐气氛让你可以敞开胸怀大吃大喝，小小的失礼是可以被原谅的，毕竟你是在餐桌上嘛！ 正式宴會上，義大利人對飲酒特別考究。按習慣，每上一道菜便配有一種不同的酒，不僅是酒的顏色不同，而且味道也不同。在一些較為隆重的正式場合下，香檳酒通常是必不可少的飲料。用餐時，義大利人習慣於細嚼慢咽，加上每餐必飲酒，因而，他們的用餐時間往往拖得很長，一餐飯花上兩三小時司空見慣。餐桌上，義大利不喜歡談論公事，認為用餐時間神聖不可侵。
据说意大利人吃饭时也是最容易建立友好关系的时刻，洽谈生意之后，他们喜欢一起用餐，因为用餐时，意大利人喜欢谈自己、谈家庭、谈出生地，同时他们也对你的背景有浓厚的兴趣，对他们来说，吃饭也是一种社交手段。
regional
当然，地理环境的差异性也是造成各地风味不尽相同的主因，例如靠海的威尼斯有海鲜汤、腌雪鱼等鲜美的海产料理；畜牧农产为主的托斯卡尼地区，则有肥嫩多汁的牛排与独特的青豆意大利面，山丘起伏的乌布瑞亚（Umbria）则大量使用野生动物的肉烹调，炙烤乳猪、碳烤野兔，加上山野间培养的香料，绝对会让你馋涎一路滴。 ‧北义特色食物 意大利北方的食物较油腻，常吃多脂多肉的酱汁、鸡蛋面，且多用奶油而少用橄榄油。北义人多吃米饭和玉米粥，较少吃面类制品，若你想吃披萨，可就得到较南部的地方了。 靠近法国的皮埃蒙特区（Piedmonte）著名的美食，便是重口味的酱汁，以及一种甘美（但很贵）的松露。米兰所在的伦巴第区（Lombardy）以乳酪、米饭、炖肉（如骨髓）闻名。热那亚（Genova）所在的利古里亚区（Liguria），靠近海岸所以名产为海鲜、香蒜酱与橄榄油。 在深受德国与奥地利影响的特伦提诺─上阿第及区（Trentino─Alto Adige），面粉或马铃薯做的饺子非常普遍，现在已风靡整个意大利。弗留利-威尼斯朱利区（Friuli-Venezia Glulia）的料理口味重，添加小茴香、辣根与辣椒粉，有着中欧风味。威尼斯一带的威尼托区（Veneto）的料理富于朝鲜蓟、米类与各式野味。 ‧中部特色食物 以波隆那（Bologna）为最大城市的艾米利亚-罗马涅区（Emilia-Romagna）是意大利的美食源头，干酪、葡萄甜醋、帕玛（Parma）熏五香火腿都发源于此。中部山区提供农村式的食物，大量使用腊肠与蒜味香肠。托斯卡纳区（Toscana）的橄榄油、含面包屑的汤与豆类佳肴，相当可口。以贝鲁佳（Perugia）为最大城市的翁布里亚区（Umbria）出产黑松露，可与皮埃蒙特的白松露相抗衡。 ‧南义特色食物 南方的食物通常较北方辣，多采用蒜头、蕃茄、橄榄油为基调。蕃茄酱汁与干酪在坎帕尼亚区（Campania）很受欢迎，而该地正是道地披萨的老家。巴西里卡塔区（Basilicata）和卡拉布里亚区（Calabria）善于辛辣料理，例如以红番辣椒调味的磨菇茄子。亚普里亚区（Apulia）最著名的便是健康面包，以像台飞雅特跑车般大的面团去烘烤；另外，海鲜与肉类意大利面也为人称道。 西西里岛人的最爱是一种名为cassata 的甜点（香浓的冰淇淋，岛上大部份地区都会配上糖煮水果，但在巴勒摩（Palermo）则配上软酪夹心蛋糕。萨丁尼亚岛（Sardinia）的羊比人多；淋上蜂蜜的羊酪派，为蔬菜汤加烤野味大餐写上完美的休止符。 虽然各地区的民情与时鲜材料或有差异，但意大利料理仍有一项共同的特色，就是烹调者与享用者的品味，对意大利人来说，「吃」不仅为了求饱足，更是生活中的重要构成元素与内容，因为尊重与讲究美食的态度，造就了意大利料理的卓绝魅力，更进而成为意大利的文化内涵之一，其丰富处不下于缤纷的文艺复兴成就。 结论
本文分析了意大利的地理位置和国家历史，以此来说明意大利独特的饮食文化发展的基础。了解了一个国家的内在和外在的因素会对这个国家的人文产生影响，对其饮食文化也有重大影响。阐述了意大利的文化对当地饮食的影响，介绍了它的饮食特点和当地人的口味喜好，用餐特点。还有区域性的饮食特征，在同一个国家，就算在不同的区域也会有不同的饮食，介绍了北部，中部，南部，和西西里岛这几个不同的地区在饮食方面的不同。从这几个方面，分析了意大利的饮食文化。
Summary
A country’s cuisine is related to its culture closely; different countries have different cultures, and this is the reason to raise distinctive national cuisine. Italy as a typical representative of the European countries, it is well known that Italian cuisine is very famous in the world. Its cultural heritage is very deep, and its country from south to north there are several different areas, it lead to its diverse food culture. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the Italian cuisine, food culture, food taboos, and the regional diet, to explore this gourmet nation
Introduction
Italy is located in the southern peninsula of Europe, the population more than 7600 million, the vast majority believe in Catholic. Since the establishment of Rome in 753 BC, The Roman Empire in the drawing on the essence of ancient Greek civilization, based on the development of an advanced civilization of ancient Rome, it became Europe's political, economic and cultural center. The kings and nobles in Florence, has to study the development of cooking skills and superb cuisine chefs, at that time, it is the method to show their strength and power, and as an honor and glory. Thus, the general civilian think that if they can become an excellent chef, they will have a chance to get into the aristocratic circles, ultimately, the whole country filled with fun in the development of cooking skills, the restaurant industry have its period of great prosperity. And then establish the sacred status of "The mother of Western", it has affect most parts of Europe, known as "the ancestor of European cooking."
Italy is a gourmet national, who has a long history in the diet, as their art, fashion and cars, always like to elaborate. Italian cuisine is elegant and artless pay attention to authentic. Italian cuisine is very rich, tens of thousands of dishes, expect for the familiar pizza and pasta, its seafood and desserts are also famous. Italian food has a profound impact to the United States and Europe, including French cuisine and United States food.
Body
When people talk about the Italian cuisine, they will think of Italian pasta dishes, dumplings, and most popular diet--pizza, Italian espresso coffee and cappuccino, but also makes us think of a lot of tomatoes, olive oil and spices. The whole Italian cuisine can be divided into North and South, two kinds of taste, the south part cuisine will use more garlic and chili, it taste heavier. But the Italian cuisine can play an important role in the world, it because it have a significant contribution to Western food culture.
AD 1533, the Italian princess Catherine • Di • Medici married Henry II of France; she has bring 30 chefs to go with her, and also the new food and cooking methods to France. French was integrating the advantage of this and create the most prestigious Western representatives - "French cuisine." Secondly, the Italians invented the fork to the meal; this is also a major contribution to the food culture.
Italian is a strong mainstream of their food culture. Its pizza and pasta can be one of the most popular foods in the world.
Characteristics of Italian food: Italian food laid emphasis on the nature of raw materials, character, and strive to maintain the original taste. They like to use garlic, onions, tomato sauce, and cheese, emphasize to making sauces. Cooking method have fried, roasted, braised red, Braised were the most common. And like to use noodles, rice cooking, rather than as the main food. Usually they will wrap or pickled, or fried or grilled the main material food, then cooked with the ingredients together, so that food tastes exceptionally well, it can creating a multi-layered taste. Italian cuisine is particular about the furnace, many foods will require sixty or seventy percent mature, which is unique in Italy.
Taste Hobbies: Italian like to eat roast leg of lamb, steak and other dishes have heavy taste. They also like a variety of noodles, fried rice, wonton, dumplings. Italian cuisine as its culture: the noble, elegant, unique taste. Beautiful and delicious pasta, cheese, ham and wine are the most famous diet. Italian is very hospitable; when you be a guest there, the he host will usually prepare great food to you. In fact, a full Italian meal have staggering amount, usually the waiter will send a pot of piping hot bread first, it is necessary; usually there will be ham, sausage pieces on the table (especially the homemade meal) for you to access, this is just before a meal snacks.Here is the order to a common meal. The "appetizer" (Antipasto) is to turn your vision for the next food, the most representative appetizer is the melon ham, prosciutto Malone, with a delicate salty of Parma ham sheet.
Followed by Italian pasta, this is primo piatto, with rice, pasta or corn. After eating Italian pasta, it will have some vegetables and fruit salad to wake the stomach, after a short break, the second piatto will be send, it may be fish or meat, and a bowl of soup. And then dessert (Dolce), and to mellow the Espresso coffee draw the perfect ending.
Culture
1 history and cultural diversity has led to the diversity of types of food Italy is a country with a long history, its splendid culture heritage multiply its distinctive types of food. You can see the map of Italy, it was unified in 150 years ago. At the long time, it consist 20 different countries, each with its unique culture. Because of this historical background, different part of Italy has developed their own cuisine style. Just the type of pasta is having more than 200 kinds, and 500 species of cheese. And it has more than 1000 kinds of wine in Italy.
Comfortable dining atmosphereIf make a comparison in the three most popular cuisine - Chinese cuisine, French cuisine, Italian cuisine. the taste may hard to compete; and dine on the restaurant's atmosphere and etiquette, the Chinese people is more adaptable, the most important is the food taste, decor, furnishings, but rules are arbitrary; French people love pomp, always test to keep up appearances, they have many types of knife , fork and cup size, sometime it will make you so confuse; Italy just in the middle in this two, because eating culture is important to them, comfortable dining atmosphere can make people open mind so that you can eat and drink, a little faux pas can be forgiven.
But the formal banquet, Italian will pay attention to drinking. Is customary, every dish on it with a different wine, the wine is not only a different color, and taste different. In some of the more solemn official occasions, champagne is often essential to drink. Meals, Italians are used to slowly, with each meal will have drinking, and therefore, their meal time is often very long. A meal to spend twenty-three hours is very common to them.
It is said that Italian meal is the most likely time to establish friendly relations, after business negotiations, they like to dine, because when they are eating, the Italians like to talk about themselves, talk about family, about birth, so dining is also a social tool.
Regional
Of course, the geographical differences also contributed to different kinds of flavor, such as the Venice sea seafood soup, salt cod and other tasty seafood dishes; livestock-based agricultural region of Tuscany, they have juicy steaks and unique pasta make by green beans, rolling hills of Ubud Rhea (Umbria) is extensive use of wild animals, meat cooking, Baked suckling pig, grilled rabbit, they will cook with spices, it tastes very good.
North characteristics of food Northern Italian food is more greasy, they eat more meat sauce, egg noodles, and perfect to use butter than olive oil. North righteous eats rice and polenta, but eat noodle less.
‧ Central food specialtiesTo Bologna (Bologna) for the largest city of Emilia - Romagna region (Emilia-Romagna) is the Italian food source, cheese, sweet grape vinegar, Parma (Parma) smoked spiced ham are originated. Rural mountain areas provide central-style food, usually use of sausage and salami. Tuscany (Toscana) of olive oil and soup with bread crumbs and beans dish are very tasty. Umbria region (Umbria) is famous with the black truffles.
South food specialtiesnorthern Italian likes spicy food, they use more garlic, tomatoes, olive oil as the keynote. Tomato sauce and cheese in the Campania region is very popular, and this is the cradle land of pizza. Basilicata region and Calabria good at cooking spicy dishes, such as red pepper flavored mushroom eggplant fan. Apulia is the most famous with health bread, In addition, seafood and meat, pasta are also tasty.Sicily Island
Sicily’s favorite dessert is called cassata , it is fragrant ice cream, most parts of the island will be accompanied by candied fruit, but in Palermo (Palermo) is accompanied by Soft cheese cake.
Although it have many different culture and food in different areas, but Italian food is still a common feature, that is, for the Italian people, "eat" not only to seek satiety, it is an important element of life constitute, because the attitude of respect and pay attention to cuisine, Italian cuisine created extraordinary charm, and then became one of Italy's culture.
Food taboos
Italian people do not like to talk about official staff on the dining table, because they think that the sacred meal can not to be infringed.
Most Italian people are catholic, so they will avoid 13 people sit in one table, because the catholic think that “13” is an unlucky number.
Conclusion
This paper analyzes the location and the Italian national history in order to explain Italy's unique food culture development. Understanding of a country's internal and external factors not only will affect the country's culture, but also have a significant impact to their food culture. Described the impact of culture on the local diet, describes its characteristics and food preferences, dining characteristics. There are regional characteristics of the cuisine, even in the same country; in different regions will have different cuisine, explain the northern, central, southern, and Sicily’s differences and preferences, and its food taboos. From those several aspects, Investigate the Italian food culture.
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/68490c3631126edb6f1a1040.html
文档为doc格式