英文文献综述样本

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浙江财经学院毕业论文

（或毕业设计）

文　献　综　述

文献综述题目

（中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗）

学生姓名　　　　　　　　指导教师

二级学院　　　　　　　　　专业名称

班　　级　　　　　　　　　学　　号

年　月　日

（标题Times New Roman三号加粗）

The Literature Review

The Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice

（正文用Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，各段首行空4个字符，书名用斜体加粗）

Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved.

In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play.

1. Studies on The Merchant of Venice （Times New Roman + 四号 +首缩进4字符，下同）

Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world. Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice is one of the most influential comedies in his works. Shylock has mostly been the center of the research on the play. The Merchant of Venice was first printed in 1600 in quarto, of which nineteen copies survive. This was followed by a 1619 printing, and later an inclusion in the First Folio in 1623. The play was written shortly after Christopher Marlowe’s immensely popular Jew of Malta (1589), a play wherein a Jew named Barabas plays a greatly exaggerated villain. The portrayal of Shakespeare's Jew was and remained comic until the late 1700s at which time he was first played as a true villain. In 1814 Shylock’s role was depicted as a character to be pitied, and in 1879 he was first portrayed as a tragic character. Subsequent interpretations have varied greatly over the years, but since World War II he has most often been conceived of as tragic. The Merchant of Venice has been described as a great commentary on the nature of racial and religious interactions.

2. Deficiencies of Previous Studies on the Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice

The title character, Antonio, begins the play intriguingly: "In sooth, I know not why I am so sad; / It wearies me" (I.i.1-2). Much ink has been spilled with conjectures about Antonio's melancholy: that he's simply melancholic of temperament, that his devotion to Bassanio is homoerotic and the news that this friend seeks to marry has depressed him (Antonio is a name Shakespeare uses also in Twelfth Night for a character with an intense devotion to another male), or that he has an "ominous foreboding" about the events that will transpire in the course of this play. Although those pioneers aroused people to think much of The Merchant of Venice and left us invaluable and systematic reference, and made many achievements in description and explanation of the cause of Antonio’s sadness, there remain many deficiencies.

First, The Merchant of Venice, which is considered to be one of Shakespeare’s four great comedies, actually functions as Shakespeare's farewell to comedy. Antonio is one of Shakespeare’s melancholic characters. Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice is undermining all that passes for comic entertainment. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness as a device to set the tragic tone in the comic atmosphere.

Second, a lot of issues that are argued about regarding The Merchant of Venice can be considerably clarified if we know something about the audience it was written for. In the modern, post-Holocaust readings of the play, the problem of anti-Semitism in the play has been discussed a lot. Given that Antonio decides not to seize Shylock’s goods as punishment, we might consider Antonio to be merciful. But we may also question whether it is merciful to return to Shylock half of his goods, only to take away his religion and his profession. Antonio’s compassion seems to stem as much from self-interest as from concern for his fellow man. Shakespeare thus shows a balance of prejudice on both sides. The question whether Antonio is a homosexual in love with Bassanio can also interpreted differently.

5. Conclusion

Despite the researches already done and achievements already made on the subject, many frontiers are still waiting to be explored. On the basis of the previous researches by forerunners and adopting new approaches we are to make a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this subject. We don't mean to suggest that other ways of looking at the play are "wrong." In fact, one of the things that is so great about Shakespeare is that there are so many different ways of interpreting his plays that all work.

References （Times New Roman四号加粗）

参考文献不应少于10条，参考文献应按英文26个字母的顺序排列，先列外文文献后列中文文献，中文用宋体小四，外文用Times New Roman小四。期刊论文标记为[J]，专著为[M]，论文集为[C]，论文集收录的论文为[A]，博士论文为[D]，词典为[Z]。另起页附于文末。

参考文献例如：

[1] Brown, D. H. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching [M].Langman, 2000.

[2] Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structure[M].TheHague:Mouton,1957.

[3] Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition [M].OUP,1994.

[4] Gass, S. Integrating Research Areas: A Framework for Second Language Studies

[J].AppliedLinguisties,1988(9):198-217.

[5] 程琪龙. 认知语言学概论[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.

[6] 蓝纯. 从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻[J]. 外语教学与研究，1999（4）.

….

[9] 王寅. 认知语言学的哲学基础:体验哲学[J]. 外语教学与研究2002(2).

[10] 赵艳芳. 认知语言学概论[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001.

浙江财经学院毕业论文

（或毕业设计）

文　献　综　述

文献综述题目

（中文小二号黑体居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗居中）

学生姓名　　　　　　　　指导教师

二级学院　　　　　　　　　专业名称

班　　级　　　　　　　　　学　　号

年　月　日

（标题用日文明朝体三号）

レイチェル・カーソンの『沈黙の春』について

この本は、アメリカの海洋生物学者、レイチェル・カーソンが、1960年代のアメリカにおける工業化が人類の健康に与える被害について警鐘を鳴らすために書いた本である。（正文用日文明朝体小四号，1.5倍行距）

１．『沈黙の春』についての概要（日文明朝体小四号，1.5单倍行距，下同）

ここでは、まず彼女が作家ではなく、科学者としての立場でこの本を書いたということを強調しておきたい。

本の中で重要なキーワードとして、農薬のＤＤＴが挙げられる。彼女は科学者として、この薬品の有毒性を指摘すると共に、万民に分かりやすく、自然環境の変化と結びつけ、物語を展開している。

2．ＤＤＴと自然との関係について

彼女はまず、「ある日突然、鳥のさえずりが聞こえなくなった・・・」というくだりから始めている。これは、後に物語を展開するに当たり、重要なキーワードとなる。

ＤＤＴとは、農薬の一種であるのは先に述べたとおりであるが、後に彼女が何に対して最も警鐘を鳴らしているかについては、徐々に明らかになってくる。

…………

５．結論

　結論として、彼女が警鐘を鳴らしているのは、環境の変化、ひいては、工業化で増えた、工場から出る有害な物質が、人間にどれほどの被害をもたらすかということなのだ。この現象は、後に日本の1970年代における公害問題を思い起こさせるものである。

　環境問題は、人類最大の課題の一つであるが、彼女の祖国であるアメリカは、まだ京都議定書に調印していないという現実がある。彼女の50年来の望みは、いつ叶えられるのであろうか。

(参考文献单独一页)

参考文献

参考文献不应少于10条。参考文献应按英文26个字母的顺序、日文五十音图顺序排列，先列外文文献后列中文文献，中文用宋体小四，英文用Times New Roman小四，日文用明朝体小四号，期刊论文标记为[J]，专著为[M]，论文集为[C]，论文集收录的论文为[A]，博士论文为[D]，词典为[Z]。参考文献另起页附于文末。