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3 The Make-up of an Accident
——事故的形成
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词汇
● fatalities 灾祸；惨死；宿命；命数
● debris n.碎片, 残骸
● statistics n.统计，统计数字; 统计学
● evacuation n.撤离
● mishap n.灾祸
● mitigate v.减轻
● cryogenic adj.低温学的
● propagate v.繁殖, 传播, 宣传
● ameliorate v.改善, 改进
● rupture v.破裂
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
第2页
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Translation －paragraph 13
● In most cases, out of necessity—an unacceptable number of deaths, accidents, and loss of revenue—engineers have been forced to take a more serious approach to designing safety into both systems and products.
● 在大多数事例中，由于必须的情况，如造成了不可接受的死亡人数、事故和税收损失，工程师们经常被迫采取更加严格的方法来保证系统和产品的设计安全。
● out of
● 在...外； 从里面； 由于； 缺乏, 放弃； 丧失；
● 在...范围外； 用...制成； 来自； 与...不相宜, 不相称
离开, 脱离
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 1
● We may all say accidents happen. However, their occurrence may not only take human lives, destroy millions of dollars in property and lost business, they may also cost us our jobs and reputations.
● 我们可能都会说事故发生了。然而，它们的发生可能不仅夺取了人们的生命、造成了数百万的财产损失和失去生意，甚至还会使我们丢掉工作和名誉。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 1
● The Bhopal, India, accident in 1984 released methyl isocyanate and caused over 2,500.
● 1984年印度博帕尔事件导致甲基异氰酸盐泄露，导致2500多人死亡。
● In 1986, the NASA Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated in flight in front of millions of television viewers and killed seven astronauts, brought NASA to a standstill for two years, and cost the agency billions of dollars.
● 1986年美国国家航天和宇宙飞行局挑战者号航天飞机在百万电视观众面前于飞行中爆炸成碎片，造成7名航天员全部遇难；这一事件，花费国家航天和宇宙飞行局大量的财力，还使得其工作停滞了两年。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 1
● A petroleum refinery blew up in Houston, Texas, in 1989, killing 23 workers, damaging property totaling US ＄750 million, and spewing debris from the explosion over an area of 9km.
● 1989年，位于得克萨斯州休斯敦市的一家炼油厂爆炸，死亡23人，造成的财产损失总计达到7.5亿美元，爆炸喷出的碎片覆盖了方圆9km 的范围。
● Many thought that after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plant disasters we would finally get a handle on how to prevent accidents.
● 很多人认为在发生了美国三厘岛核电站和切尔诺贝利核电站的灾难之后，我们应该最终掌握了怎样预防事故的方法。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 1
● U.S. government statistics indicate that more than 350 chemical accidents a year result in death, injury, or evacuation.
● 据美国政府统计数据显示每年有350多起化学事故造成了死亡、伤害或者人员撤离。
● In 1991 and 1992 fifteen major petrochemical accidents destroyed more than ＄1 billion in property.
● 在1991年到1992年间，15起主要的石化事故造成的财产损失超过了10亿。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 2
● Accidents don’t just happen; they are a result of a long process, with many steps.
● 事故的发生不是偶然的，它们是经过了很长的过程而产生的一个结果，包含很多步骤。
● Many times all of these steps have to be completed before an accident can occur.
● 很多时候，必须完成了所有的这些步骤之后，事故才会发生（当一个事故发生前必须完成很多次所有的这些步骤。）
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 2
● If the engineer can prevent one or more of these accident steps from occurring, then he can either prevent the mishap or at least mitigate its effects.
● 如果一个工程师能够防止一个或多个这样的事故步骤的发生，那么他就能避免灾祸的发生，或者至少减轻了其影响。
● Part of system safety strategy is to intervene at various points along that accident timeline.
● 系统安全的部分策略就是在事故发生时间链的各种点上进行干预。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 3
● An accident is an unplanned process of events that leads to undesired injury, loss of life, damage to the system or the environment.
● 事故是事件中人们预想不到的导致了不希望发生的伤害、死亡以及系统或环境破坏的过程。
● This means that death in war is no accident, but a jeep crashing on the way to battle is.
● 这就是说，在战争中的死亡不是事故，但是一辆吉普车在去作战的途中撞车就是事故了。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 4
● An incident or near-miss is an almost-accident.
● 一个事件或未遂事件属于准事故。
● Three Mile Island was a radioactive near-miss. No massive quantities of radioactivity were released to the environs, but they almost.
● 三厘岛事故就是一个辐射伤害的未遂事故。这次事件中并没有大量的辐射能释放到郊区，但是几乎就要发生了。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 4
● Figure 3.1 shows the events that lead to an accident.
● 图3.1表示了导致事故的事件。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 5
● Preliminary events can be anything that influences the initiating event.
● 初级事件可以是影响发起事件的一切事情。
● Examples of preliminary events could be long working hours for chemical plant operators or poor or incomplete pump maintenance.
● 比如说，化学工厂的操作员长时间工作，或者是对抽水泵粗劣的维护或者维护不完善都可能是初级事件。
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Translation －paragraph 5
● Preliminary events set the stage for a hazardous condition.
● 初级事件为形成危险的情形提供了条件。
● If we can eliminate the preliminary events or hazardous condition, then the accident cannot advance to the next step-initiating events.
● 如果我们能够消除初级事件或者危险情形，那么事故就不会发展到下一步——发起事件。
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Translation －paragraph 6
● The initiating event, sometimes called the trigger event, is the actual mechanism or condition that causes the accident to occur.
● 发起事件有时候称为触发事件，是导致事故发生的实际的机制或条件。
● It can be thought of as the spark that lights the fire.
● 它可以被比喻为引发火灾的火花。
● For example, a valve sticks open a process feed line, an electrical short causes a spark at a fueling depot, a pressure regulator fails open in a cryogenic system or a 220-V power feed is mated with a 110-V system.
● 例如，一个阀的手柄开启了一个程序进料线；由于电的短路在加油库中产生了火花；低温系统中的压力调节器没有开放或者220V的电力输送线接到了110V的系统上。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 7
● Intermediate events can have two effects: They may propagate or ameliorate the accident.
● 媒介事件可能产生两种影响：它们可能传播事故或者改善事故。
● Functioning relief valves in a pressure system will ameliorate a system over pressurization.
● 在压力系统上的机能安全阀将会改善系统的过度加压。
● No pressure relief will propagate the hazardous condition and create an accident of system pressure rupture.
● 没有减压装置将会传播危险状态，并引发系统压迫爆裂的事故。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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Translation －paragraph 7
● Defensive driving on high-ways helps us protect ourselves from the “other” crazy driver or ameliorate the effects of his bad driving.
● 在高速公路上防御性的驾驶可以帮助我们保护自己不受其他疯狂的司机的伤害，或者改善由于他糟糕的驾驶而造成的影响。
● Obviously, drunk driving does the opposite, propagating and intensifying an already dangerous situation.
● 显然，酒后驾车就会导致相反的结果：传播和加强既成的危险情形。
-----English for Safety Engineering-------
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