现在完成时

现在完成时

【概念引入】

欣赏含有现在完成时的名言：

Life has taught me to think, but thinking has not taught me to live.

生活教会了我思考，但思考却没有教会我生活。

Winter must be cold for those with no warm memories. We have already missed the spring.

对于那些没有温馨回忆的人们来说，冬天一定很冷。我们已经错过春天了。

Nature has given us the seeds of knowledge, but not knowledge itself.

在自然赋予我们知识的种子，而非知识本身。

现在完成时的构成：

现在完成时是：助动词have（has）+过去分词构成的。

I have finished my homework. 我已经完成了作业。

现在完成时的否定句：是在助动词have(has)的后面加not构成。

I haven’t seen the film so far. 到目前为止，我还没有看那部电影。

现在完成时的一般疑问句：是把助动词have(has)提到句子主语的前面。

Have you seen the film yet 你看过那部电影了吗

【用法讲解】

一、现在完成时的定义及用法（1）

表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。

（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）

Have you read that story你读过那个故事吗

（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。）

在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。

I have already finished my homework. 我已经做完家庭作业了。

He has just had his meal. 他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this English song 你曾唱过这首英文歌吗

They haven’t started yet．他们还没有动身。

We have never heard of it． 我们从来没有听说过这件事。

二、现在完成时的定义及用法（2）

表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表示实质可能继续下去的动作或状态。这时往往与表示一段的时间状语连用。

I have been here for just over two years. 我到这里才两年多。

He has worked here since 1989. 从1989年，他就在这里工作。

1） 因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have等。

2）使用的时间状语通常由for或since 引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间。如：for three years, for half an hour等。 since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。

如：We have known each other since we went to college.

自从我们上大学我们就彼此认识了。

3）非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词。

如: come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away,

begin→be on, stop→ be over， buy→ have, borrow→ keep,

open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of, die→be dead,

catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know, become a teacher →be a teacher,

fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。

三、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别及联系：

1）都表示过去发生的事；

2）现在完成时强调过去和现在的联系，不能和具体的时间状语连用；

3）一般过去时强调过去发生的事或状态与表示过去的具体时间连用（last, ago, yesterday, etc.）。

He had his breakfast at 6:00. （一般过去时）

他六点钟吃的早饭。

He has had his breakfast.（现在完成时）

他吃过早饭了。

四、have gone to， have been to与have been in 的用法比较

have/has gone to:已经去了或在途中，还没有返回；

have/has been to:曾经去过某地，现在已经回来了,后面可接表示“次数”的状语;

have/has been in:表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常带表示一段时间的状语。

They have gone to England, and they will go back next week.

他们去英国了，下周回来。

Mr. Green has been in China for many years.

格林先生在中国呆过好多年了。

Miss Brown has been to Japan twice.

布朗小姐到日本去过两次。

五、重点句型:

It is/ has been+段时间+since从句

段时间+has passed+ since从句

举例：他死了两年了。（可用多种句式表达）

He died two years ago.

He has been dead for two years /since two years ago

It is/ has been two years since he died.

Two years has passed since he died.

  [Exercises1] 选择填空

( ) Enghish in this school since 1999

(A)taught (B)have taught (C)tea (D)would teach

( ) the pen for five years

(A)has had (B)bought (C)have had (D)have bought

( ) her grand mother's photo before

(A)haven't seen (B)have seen (C)see (D)hasn't seen

Exercises2] 选择填空

( )1.—Have you finished your work — .

(A).Yes,I have. (B)Yes,I do. (C)Yes,I am. (D)Yes,I did.

( )2.—Has she ever learned English —

(A)Yes, she has. (B)Yes, she does. (C)No, she doesn’t (D)No, she has

( ) finished his homework. yet

(A)doesn’t (B)haven’t (C)hasn’t (D)doesn’t have

 [Exercises3] 选择填空

( )1.—Have you travelled on the train. —Yes, I have.

(A)never (B)ever (C)just (D)yet

( )2.——Have you finished your homework ——Not .

(A)ever (B)already (C)yet (D)just

( )3. We haven't finished our homework .

(A)already (B)ever (C)yet (D)never

( )4.—Have you learned English —Yes, I've learned a lot.

(A)never, ever (B)ever, never (C)ever, already (D)already. ever

[Exercises4] A）用since和for填空

1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month

4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock

7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children

10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here

B）用since和for填空

1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.

2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.

3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.

4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.

5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.

[Exercises5]A） 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。

A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________

B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.

A: How long ___________ he ___________ there

B: He _____________ there for three days.

A: When will he come back , do you know

B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.

A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island

B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.

A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place

B: He _____________ there only once.

B） 用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。

1)     Where is Jack He __________ his country.

2)     David ________ the park just now.

3)     John _______ England since he came back.

4)     How long _____ have _____ this village

5)     The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.

6)     _____ you ever ____ America -- Yes, I _____ there many times.

7)     I _____ this school since three years ago.

8)     Where is Jim He _____ the farm.

[Exercises 6] 选择填空

( )1. —Have you finshed your homework —Yes, I it last night

(A)finish (B)finished (C)have finished (D)will finish

( )2.— you ever to Nanjing —Yes, I there last year.

(A)Have…gone, have gone (B)Have…been , went

(C)Did…go, went (D)Did…go, has , been

( )3.—When you Lucy in New York —I here for two years

(A)did…meet, haven't seen (B)did…meet, haven't seen

(C)did…meet, don't see (D)would…meet, hadn't seen

( ) you to Beijing How long you here

(A)have…come , have…been (B)did…come , have…been

(C)did…come , did…go (D)did…come , have …gone

[Exercises7]A）按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词

①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.

→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there

1)     He got to Beijing five minutes ago.

He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.

2)     I moved to the USA last year.

I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.

3)     I went home yesterday.

I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.

4)     They came here last week.

They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.

②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out

1)     He came out two years ago.

He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.

2)     We return to Fuzhou yesterday.

We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.

③become → be

1)     I became a teacher in 2000.

I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.

2)     The river became dirty last year.

The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.

④close → be closed open → be open

1)     The shop closed two hours ago.

The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.

2)     The door opened at six in the morning.

The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.

⑤get up → be up die → be dead

leave sw. → be away from sw.

fall asleep/get to sleep → be asleep

finish/end → be over marry → be married

1)     I got up two hours ago.

I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.

2)     He left Fuzhou just now.

He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.

3)     My grandpa died in 2002.

My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.

4)     The meeting finished at six.

The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.

5)     I got to sleep two hours ago.

I ________ _________ _________ since _________ __________.

6)     They married in 1990.

They ________ _________ __________since _________.

⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. begin → be on

1)     I began to teach at this school in 1995.

I ____ ____ at this school since ____.

2)     The film began two minutes ago.

The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.

⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on → wear

catch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know

1)     They borrowed it last week.

They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.

2)     I bought a pen two hours ago.

I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.

3)     I got to know him last year.

I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.

4)     I put on my glasses three years ago.

I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.

⑧have/has gone to → have been in

1)     He has gone to Beijing.

He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.

⑨join the league/the Party/the army

→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier

→ be a member of the league/the Party

→ be in the league/the Party/the army

1)     He joined the league in 2002.

He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.

He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.

He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.

2)     My brother joined the army two years ago.

My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.

My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.

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