Lesson 6 Medical Device Packaging
1 Medical-device packaging fitting the prescription faces more demands than a doctor with an overflowing waiting room.(医疗器械包装的规定面临着比候诊室人满为患的医生更高的要求。) Its performance is literally a matter of life and death .（其性能逐渐成为一个生死攸关的问题） It has to withstand being gassed , steamed or zapped with powerful radiation ,and come out nit only being , but looking , antiseptically pure---even if it sits on a shelf for years.（它必须能抵御毒气，蒸汽或防强大的辐射，即使在货架上多年，它不仅要无菌纯洁，而且看起来清洁纯净。）
On top of that , these days medical-device packaging is subject to two sweeping social concerns : the state of the environment and the debate over the cost and availability of health care .（总而言之，现代医疗设备包装受到广泛的社会关注：国家的环境和医疗保健成本和可用性的辩论。）
‘Medical-device makers are like everyone else,’ says Rich Partlow , vice presidents of sales and marketing for Plastofilm Industries Inc.（Rich Partlow，为Plastofilm工业公司的市场营销部副总裁说：“医疗设备制造商和其他人一样，） ‘When everyone starts screaming about costs , they’re going to start looking at their supplier and they’re going to start looking internally.’（当其他人开始抱怨成本时，他们将开始关注于医疗器械公司的材料供应商，他们将注重从内部找原因。）
Throwaway line 一次性衬垫
4 With concern over AIDS and other communicable diseases , one strong trend in medical device is toward disposables , especially in relatively lowcost items such as gloves and syrings .（随着对艾滋病和其他传染病的关注，、医疗设备的一个大的趋势是朝着一次性的，尤其是在相对低成本的项目如手套和注射器） Reusable items are resterilized in the hospital, which usually means steam autoclaving or ethylene oxide gassing.(循环利用的物品在医院要经过重新消毒，通常是高压蒸汽或环氧乙烷消毒) Disposables, on the other hand , are sterilized only at the point of packaging , which means they can be treated by radiation machines that are too big and expensive for hospitals to use .（另一方面，只在包装时消毒，这意味着他们要通过辐射机器来治疗，而这机器对医院来说太大，太昂贵。）
The increased use of radiation sterilization is heightening demand for compatible materials . （增加使用辐射灭菌的使用提升兼容材料的要求。）This means a growing movement away from PVC , which can turn yellow under radiation , and towad polyesters such as PETG .（这意味着在辐射下变黄的聚氯乙烯使用的减少，而转向使用聚酯，例如聚乙二醇酯。） In fact ,PETG is now the mostused material for clear , rigid thermoformed medical packaging in the U. S.（事实上，在美国聚乙二醇酯是一种常用的透明、刚性的热成型医疗包装材料。） The advent of radiation is the biggest reason for PETG’s dominance . （辐射的出现，是PETG处于核心地位的最大原因。）
Source reduction 能源消耗量的减少
7 Some packaging trends are making themselves felt in the medical device area . （一些包装的发展趋势是使它们自己处于医疗器械领域。）Perhaps the strongest is source reduction because it combines environmentalism with cost cutting-especially important during the political debate over health care .（也许最强的趋势是能源消耗量的减少，因为它把医疗保健的政治辩论期间的环保与成本削减的重要性统一起来了。）
In a way , shape or form , if you can reduce costs, that’s a big plus.（在某种程度上，形状或形式，如果你能降低成本，这是一大盈利。）
Downgauging is a common source reduction strategy , Many times , when we are designing packaging , we have to make it as small as we can and as thin as we can. （减量化是一个常见的资源减量策略，很多时候，当我们设计包装时，我们要尽我们所能的把它做小做薄）
Lesson 7 Packaging Equipment
1 Once a product is ready for shipment , it must be securely placed in the appropriate package and sealed for shipping and handling .（一旦产品准备装运，它必须可靠地定位在一个合适的包装内，并且密封好，以供运输和装卸。） Box flaps and bag openings have to be folded , closed and sealed in preparation for palletization. （纸箱的摇盖和包装袋口必须合拢并密封好，以便于装托盘）Full pallets and irregularly shaped objects might require strapping to secure them . （满装的托盘和外形不规则的货物可以用捆扎带来加固）Bottles must be packed to prevent breakage during shipping .（瓶装的货物必须包装好以防止在运输时破碎）When the production volume is low , packaging can often be done by hand , but lager companies with high volumes of production depend on semiautomatic equipment for sealing products . （当产品产量比较小时，包装通常是手工完成，但当比较大的公司产品批量较大时，就要靠半自动设备来完成产品密封）
Automatic adhesive sealers 自动粘合密封机
3 An automatic tape sealer is a conveyor with a tape dispenser and a compressor . （自动胶带密封机是一种带有胶带分割器和压缩机的输送机）Tape is measured to the proper length , wetted if necessary , placed on the flaps of the box , and compressed in the place to hold the flaps down . （胶带被测量成合适的长度，如果有必要的话还可以弄湿，放在盒子的摇盖上，将摇盖压平）The tape sealer can be combine with an adhesive sealer to glue and tape the box at the same time .（胶带密封机可以结合着密封胶封合机一起使用来将盒子粘贴捆扎密封） It features manual or automatic feeding of boxes .（它的特点是手动或自动供送盒子）
Stitchers 缝包机
4 In a stitcher , a coil of wire is fed through , cut to proper length , formed into a staple , driven into the box or bag , and tightly clinched in place to secure the flaps . （缝包机里，一卷金属线，被裁成合适的长度，变成钉子，订进盒子或袋子里，并在恰当的地方紧紧地钉牢来紧固摇翼）Feeding of boxes can be manual or automatic .（盒子的供送可以通过手工或者自动供送）
Lesson 8
1 One of the goals of packaging technologists is to get a product from one place to another without unacceptable loss or damage in an economic and practical manner .包装技师的目的之一，是在没有任何意外损失或破坏的情况下以一种经济实用的方式将产品从一个地方运到另一个地方。 The product must be protected during distribution from damage or destruction and likewise , if the product is hazardous, people and property must be protected from the product . 产品从分配到损坏或毁坏都必须被保护起来，同样地如果是危险产品，人员和财产必须从产品得到保护。For consumer goods , the retailer expects to receive an attractive , unmarred , saleable package containing an undamaged product .对于消费品，零售商希望收到一个有吸引力的，完好的，而且能正常销售且具有完整包装的产品。
2 The package-product system should be designed to withstand the rigors of the distribution environment . 产品包装系统应该设计成能承受严酷的分流通环境。From the point of the product’s creation , the product-packaging system must survive the hazards encountered until it reaches its final destination,at which time the packaging may be discarded or recycled . 从产品的生存期观点来说，产品包装系统必须从遇到的危险中生存，直到它到达其最终目的地，在达到目的地时包装可能会被丢弃或回收。The hazards of distribution are many and varied , and it is usually difficult or impossible to predict exactly what a product-package syetem is going to encounter .流通中的危害是多种多样的，而且产品包装系统将会遇到危害通常是难以或无法预测的
4、 The vibration sensivity of a product may be defined as those input vibration frequencies of sufficient amplitude occurring in the distribution environment which can cause the resonance and failure of the product or components within the product .一个产品的灵敏度可以被定义为在能够因其产品或产品构成部分的共振和破坏的流通环境下发生的那些投入足够振幅的振动发生的频率。 Information on the vibration sensitivity may be used either to properly design a package system that will minimize the product’s response to the input vibrations in distribution or redesign the product.振动的灵敏度信息可以用于合适地设计了一个包装系统，这将最大限度地减少了产品输入振动的响应分布或重新设计产品。
Lesson 9
1 Protection for individual units can be increased through consolidation or combining several packages into a compact package in which the units support and protect each other .保护单个的单元可以通过加固或将几个包装结合成一个集合包装,各个单元之间可以互相支持和保护。 The number of units per containers is generally defined by the sales department (for example, 24 bars of soap in a box ) , and the packaging department must then develop the size of the pallet. 每个容器单元的数量通常是销售部门决定的(例如,24条肥皂放在一个盒子里面)，然后包装部门必须制定托盘的大小。Shippers often limit the overall dimensions and weight of shipping containers .出口货物装板箱托运人通常限制所有运输容器的外形尺寸及重量。 Air and ground parcel services quite often do not allow palletization because of size and weight limitations 航运和陆运的包裹服务经常因为尺寸和重量的限制，不允许托盘化。
2 Several methods exist for consolidation of units .有几种加固单元的方法Adhesives can be used to hold them together , or units can be encased in shrouds , or wraps of stretch or shrink plastics . 胶粘剂可以用来粘结在一起,或单元可以在拉伸和收缩塑料的笼罩和包装下被裹包。Boxes , bins , trucks , and rail cars can be used to transport the product in bulk .盒子,箱子,卡车和火车车厢可以用来大批量的运输产品。The large boxes and bins for this purpose are constructed of cardboard , wood , plastic , or metal . Groups of products can also be consolidated by securing them on pallets .大盒子和箱子为此由硬纸板、木材、塑料、或金属等材料制造。群体的产品也可把他们放在托盘上来加固。
3 An additional consideration in palletizing is load-locking , which is a method used to prevent the various levels stacked on a pallet from sliding apart .另一个在托盘化时要考虑的是负载,这是一种用来防止托盘上各个堆叠层滑动分开的方法。 One solution is to use a nonslip application on the exterior of the package; however , this can complicate the shipping process . 一个解决方法是在包装表面增加一些防滑措施;然而,这可能使运输过程复杂化。Adhesive can be applied between the levels by spraying , brushing , or rolling . Enclosing the pallet in stretch or shrink wrap can be also loadlock the units .胶黏剂可以应用在喷涂、刷、或滚动。拉伸和收缩裹包也可通过封闭单元装入托盘。
Lesson 10
1 In any industrial society products must be transported from one location to another.（在任何工业社会，产品都必须从一个地方运送到另一个地方） The product package system has to survive the rigours of the transportation environment . （产品包装系统必须适应严厉的运输环境）If the product reaches its destination damaged, it must be repaired or replaced . （如果产品到达目的地时损坏了，它必须被修理或者被替换）As a result the producer will suffer economically and in prestige . （结果就会导致生产商经济和信誉受损）Package system must be designed to minimize any damage during distribution .（包装系统必须将配送过程中产品的任何损坏降到最低）
Ecological aspects in order to protect the environment have to be considered also . （为了保护环境，生态环保方面也必须考虑进去）Packaging material has to be saved and wasted has to be avoided .（包装材料必须节省，并且要避免浪费） The processing of the chosen packaging material must not harm the environment .（在选择包装材料的过程中一定不能破坏环境）
2 The transport environment influences the product through mechanical , climatic and biological conditions .（运输环境通过机械的、气候的以及生物的条件来影响产品） It is a complex problem to model all these environmental influences . （模拟出所有的这些环境影响是一个很复杂的问题）However , it is possible to model the most significant loading of the system in distribution .（然而，模拟出配送过程中系统的最大载荷分布还是可以的）
The product-package system also must withstand impacts and vibrations. （产品包装系统也得经受得住冲击和振动）Therefore sensitive products are cushioned in polymer materials with good damping properties. （因此敏感性产品用那些具有良好阻尼性的高分子材料衬垫来缓冲）This cushion dampens the mechanical loadings on such a system . （这些衬垫在这个系统中可以减弱机械载荷）The present study outlines methods to calculate the mechanical loadings on such a system. （目前的研究列出了计算这样一个系统中的机械载荷的方法）These results make it possible to minimize the size of cushion structure and to choose the appropriate packaging material.（这些成果使得最小化衬垫结构尺寸和选择合适包装材料成为可能）
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