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过去完成时 构成：
过去完成时由“had +动词的过去分词”构成， had通常用于任何人称 过去完成时 肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词 否定式：主语 +had + not + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词
基本用法： 在过去某一时刻之前就已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
强调“过去的过去”。 要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间，即它相对于一个过去时间而言，并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过一定的时间副词(状语体现出来，有时则可能是通过一定的上下文来体现：
①The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk，right under my nose.那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。
②Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。 ③I arrived late; I hadn’t expected the road to be so icy. ④The young man, when questioned why he had broken the law, just looked at the policeman and said nothing. ⑤He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere. ⑥The little girl cried her heart out because she had lost her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it. ⑦The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. ⑧I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had given to half a dozen other groups. ⑨The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She hadn’t flown before. ⑩ Father had left for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。
根据上下文的时间关系来确定。如：
①John and I have been friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we had seen each other a couple of times before that. ② She felt anxious about her son as she hadn’t heard form him for quite a long time. ③ When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He had never seen her before ④A: Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday? B: Yes, he did. He hadn’t seen his old friends for a long time. ⑤A: Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. B: Oh! I thought they had gone without me. ⑥A: Have you seen Michael recently? B: Yes, in fact I saw him this morning. I hadn’t seen him for two years. ⑦A: Are you glad that you came to Washington?
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B: Yes, indeed. I had considered going to New York or Boston, but I’v never regretted my decision. ⑧A: Did you know any French before you arrives in Washington? B: Never had I learned it, actually. The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安静，大家都睡觉了。 "Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在办公室吗?”“不在，
主语＋过去完成时＋by短语
①I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning. ②We had learned four thousand new words by the end of last year. ③By the end of last month, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. ④The new suspension bridge had been designed by the end of last week. By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时
主语＋过去完成时＋by the time引导的从句 ①He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten.到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。
②I had finished this work by the time you came back. ③By the time you arrived in Beijing, I had stayed there for two days
用在含有when的主从复合句中 由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如： When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确，两个动作紧接着发生，前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如： When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。
He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开 