圣诞节的习俗

发布时间:2021-04-02   来源:文档文库   
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圣诞节的习俗
篇一:中国春节和西方圣诞节习俗比较 中国春节和西方圣诞节习俗比较
习俗是长期的文化积淀与约定俗成的结果.是一个社会或民族在特定的地理和人文环境中发展和承袭下来的,是一种典型的历史文化现象。通过习俗这个窗口。我们可以了解一个民族和它的文化。就拿节日习俗来说,东西方各国人民都把对自己民族的生存、发展和变革最有意义的日子记下来,作为节日来庆贺。个民族越是历史悠久.其节日就越是纷繁复杂。相应地节日文化也就越是丰富多彩。中国的春节、西方的圣诞节都是东西方特别蕈要的节日.本文拟从习俗的角度来比较这两个节日。从而使学习彼此语言的人能够更全面、更深人地认识两国。 一、中国的春节
中华民族历史悠久、文化灿烂,有许多具有民族特色的传统节日。春节在这些节日中是喜庆时间最长、活动内容最多、节日气氛最浓、影响范围最广、重视程度最高的一个民俗节日,它在几千年的传承中形成为一个巨大的历史文化传统。是亿万中国人情感的聚合。 (春节的来历
春节是由古代的丰收祭祀活动演变来的。早在夏朝之前中国就有了“年”的概念。那时候农业复种率很低,一年只有一茬作物,所以谷物成熟一次就是一年。每次人们收获了庄稼准备新一轮的周期的时候,都会举行庆祝活动,表达喜庆、祝愿和快乐的心情。报答众神之恩,同时也希望来年风调雨顺。驱灾辟邪,这就是春节的起源。汉太初元年(公元前104汉武帝颁行《太初历》,确定以农历的正月为岁首。此后中国两千年沿袭了这一历法体制。民国时期开始采用公历,规定公历的一月一日为新年,而农历的一月一日则为春节。中华人民共和园成立时,规定农历的正月初一称为“春节”。 而公历的一月一日改称为“元旦”。 (春节的习俗
整个春节历时较长。其中心部分就是年三十 (除夕和正月初一这两天了。历了年前的忙碌之后,一年的工作基本结束,人们终于迎来了一年中的最后一天——除夕。“除夕”中的“除”字有“辞去”的意思,引申为“更替、交替”, 1 / 11


“夕”就是“Et暮”。也就是晚上的意思。除夕是新年的前夕,因此又叫 “大年夜”。放爆竹:“爆竹声中一岁除”。在辞旧迎新之际燃放烟花爆竹成为人们情感释放、愿望表达、避邪驱鬼的方法。燃放鞭炮的传统源于一个叫“年”的怪兽。这个怪兽青面獠牙,非常可怕。每到腊月三十晚上就要窜到各个村庄,残害生灵。有一次三十晚上“年”跑到一个村庄。恰逢两个孩童正在燃放爆竹,“年”不知其为何物,只听到噼里啪啦的响声,看见刺眼的亮光,于是吓得落荒而逃。人们由此摸清了“年”怕爆竹的亮光和响声的弱点.每到
腊月三十都要燃放鞭炮,后来逐渐演化成一种习俗。近些年来,人们发现燃放爆竹不仅造成环境污染,还容易引发火灾,伤及生命和财产安全。于是,一些城市禁止燃放烟花爆竹。但遭到人们的强烈抵触。2006年春节,北京解除了禁令,允许在规定的时间、地点内燃放。贴春联、换门神:贴春联、换门神是过春节的一个重要习俗。每到大年三十,无论城乡。家家户户都要张贴红纸春联和威武的门神,春联、门神是用来辟除不祥和保护一家安全的,它们源远流长。春联来源于古代驱鬼辟邪的桃术,后来演变为桃符,悬挂在门上。据《山海经》说,很久以前。在大海中的度朔山上,有棵杆干盘曲三千里的巨型桃树。树上 有神荼、郁垒二位神仙,他们负责监管所有鬼魅。对于恶鬼,他们就用芦苇绳捆住,喂老虎。因此,后世人们每到春节,就将桃木的神荼、郁垒雕像,挂在大门的两旁,驱鬼辟邪;六朝时干脆不再画像,而是用两块桃板挂在门上;到了宋代,过年在桃符上题对联。渐渐地就演化成为用红纸书写
春联。随着时代的发展,春联中巫术的因素逐渐的消失,喜庆、吉祥的成分越来越浓了。年夜饭:一年中最重要的一顿饭就是年夜饭了.又叫团圆饭。北方人的习俗是除夕夜全家人同着炕头一起包饺子吃;南方人除夕这一天也忙得不亦乐乎,全家人系上围裙,下到厨房不停地择洗烧炒炖.摆满一大桌。尽管各地的年夜饭的菜品不尽相同.但各菜都有一定的寓意。如鸡谐音“吉”即吉祥如意;鱼谐音“余”,即年年有余;豆腐谐音“斗富”,即丰裕富足;年糕象征“一年比一年高”;杏仁象征“幸福人”;饺子谐音“交子”。即更岁交子之意,饺子馅也五花Atl,有的加入糖块、花生等。吃到糖则寓意
生活甜如蜜,吃到花生则表示长生不老。拜年:正月初一。新年来到。人们开门燃放炮竹,俗称“开门炮”吃过早饭。人们要相互拜年、祝福,共贺新春。 2 / 11


拜年的通常顺序是:先拜天地。次拜祖先。再拜高堂尊长。然后全家按照尊卑长幼顺序相互拜,最后出门拜。随着电话、网络和手机的普
及,人们给亲戚朋友拜年可以打电话,发email。近些年来更是兴起了手机短信拜年的新形势。二、西方的圣诞节公历每年的1225日为圣诞节.又称耶诞节。1224日晚至1225日晨为圣诞夜.也称 “平安夜”。“圣诞节”一词是由西文翻泽而来.“基督弥撒”的缩写。圣诞节原是基督教徒的节日.在却是世界上流传范围最广、参与人数最多的节日之一。圣诞节与春节一样,是合家团聚的节日。 (圣诞节的由来
1225日的圣诞节是一个令人快乐的宗教性节日,是基督徒庆祝基督教创始人基督出生的日子,爱、家庭和归属感是蕈要的主题。据基督教徒的圣书《圣经》上说,上帝决定让他的独生子耶稣基督投胎人间,在人间生活.以便人们能更好地了解上帝,学习热爱上帝和更好地相互热爱。耶稣出生的具体日期已不得而知。早期的罗马日历(公元336把圣诞节定在了1225日,这是首次提到的耶稣出生的特殊日子。到了12世纪圣诞节成为基督教最重要的庆典。他开始成为一项严肃的宗教庆典,后来非宗教性质的装饰、赠送礼品,盛宴开始流行。 (圣诞节的习俗
西方各国,圣诞节每年1111日就拉开了序幕。一直持续到来年的22日圣火节才算真正结束。整个节期持续50多天。装饰圣诞树:每个家庭要在圣诞节前特别布置一番圣诞树。圣诞树一般用小松树或小柏树这类塔形的常青树做成,树上挂满彩色灯泡.枝头上缀着金色和银色的闪光的纸片。花花绿绿的拉花从圣诞树上伸向四方,树上还挂着用槲花作的雪花,点缀着各种精巧别致的小礼物。夜幕降临,全家人围坐在圣诞树前,互赠礼品、互祝节日快乐。吃圣诞大餐:圣诞大餐类似中国春节的年夜饭,非常丰盛。圣诞夜,全家嗣坐在圣诞树下。点燃蜡烛,一边吃一边聊天,看电视或唱歌跳舞,玩集体游戏。圣诞大餐通常多设一个位置。留给“上帝的使者”。这顿大餐极为丰富,有烤火鸡、烧牛肉、烤乳猪、大蛋糕、美酒和蔬菜。有时蛋糕里藏着三颗豆子,代表《圣经》上提到的3位东方贤士,吃到豆子的人会增加智慧。 (圣诞老人
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圣诞老人原指1600多年前荷兰巴里的主教尼古拉斯.他和蔼可亲、帮助穷人.将
自己所有的家庭财富都分给穷人。民间有关尼古拉斯的故事往往与少年儿童和礼物有关,所以圣诞老人成了专门在圣诞夜给孩子们送礼物的慈祥老人。《圣 经》记载:来自东方的三位贤士曾在耶稣降生时送给他金子、乳香和药作为礼物.这便是圣诞老人为儿童赠送圣诞礼物习俗的由来。有些人家为了增 加节日气氛.还请一位亲友装扮成圣诞老人.来到家里向孩子们祝贺节日,把礼物送给孩子们。三、春节与圣诞节习俗的比较中国的春节和西方的圣诞节虽然是起源于不同的文化背景的两种节日,但两个节日却有许多相似处。 (者在东、西方节日中,所占的地位是同等重要的,都是各自节日中最盛大、最神圣的节日在节日中,期盼同家人、亲友团圆相聚。与同事、同行共同祈望未来事业成功,甚至借节日而过得更加休闲、放松,并从中获得精神愉悦,都是一年中全家人最激动的时刻。 (节日气氛的高潮都是在节日前夕,即年三 十钟声敲响的那一刻和平安夜午夜前后在中国,一进入腊月即有新年的味道,经过年前的打扫房屋,贴上新春联,终于迎来了除夕——团圆之夜;在西方,11月份圣诞的气氛就开始了,人人都在选购馈赠亲友的圣诞礼物、圣诞大餐的 材料和五彩缤纷的糖果,期待着平安夜的到来。 (春节和圣诞节的习俗也有许多相似处除夕全家要聚在一起吃丰盛的年夜饭、守岁、的节期并不相同,最长的从__看电视和互相祝愿.而在西方平安夜全家也围坐在一起边吃边聊、看电视、许愿,都期盼着吉祥一年的到来;中国的长辈要给晚辈压岁钱,西方大人也要给小孩礼物:中国要相互拜年送给朋友礼品,而西方国家也要互赠圣诞卡表达祝福;西方国家在圣诞节时做甜食布丁就像中国人过春节包饺子一样,搅动圣诞布丁能使自己在未来一年中万事如意,摆饺子时也要一圈一圈的摆,表示来年一年圆满。中西方节日文化各自都有着悠久的历史,作为中西方文化的一个重要组成部分,在很大程度上体现了中西方国家和民族的历史及其文化渊源。通过中国春节与西方圣诞节习俗的比较。我们发现了具有完全不同文化背景的它们之间存在性。这能使学习彼此语言的人更深入、更全面地认识两国文化。 篇二:英语短文-圣诞七大习俗
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Christmas is marked on the 25 December. Its a Christian holy day that marks the birth of Jesus[ d?i?z?s], the son of God.Jesus birth is described in the New Testament of the Bible[ ba?b(?l].Virgin Mary gave birth to Jesus in a manger.The Gospels[ g?sp?lz] of Matthew[ m?θju:] and Luke give different accounts. It is from them that the nativity story is pieced together. So, this day is sacred for all Christians around the world. And I will show you some of the Christmas traditions . Preparation of the Christmas cake This is an English tradition which started centuries ago. On Christmas eve, plum porridge was served to the people. And some people use various other things like fruits, honey ,candies, butter and spices. As time passed, people make them into cake.Soon this porridge got replaced with the Christmas cake. Today a Christmas cake is an important part of a Christmas menu. Sending gifts to loved ones This tradition comes from the story of the three wise men who send gifts to baby Jesus on Christmas. Every Christmas, gifts are exchanged among loved ones, especially children. The story of Santa Claus also comes from this tradition. Decorating the Christmas tree This refers to the tradition of decorating a pine tree using lights, tinsels, garlands, ornaments,candy canes, etc. Today, a Christmas tree is an indispensable part of Christmas celebration. Lighting up the Christmas candle People put a lighted candle outside houses during the Christmas. A candle signifies hope. In the earlier times,when Christians were persecuted, they were not allowed to pray. So, they put a candle outside the house as a sign that they pray in mind. 5 / 11


Singing Christmas carols Different Christmas hymns or carols are sung every Christmas as apart of celebration, like The First Noel, Jingle Bells, Joy to the world.It adds to the joy and fun to the atmosphere. Making of Cribs This is another old tradition of Christmas. A manger is made by small statues and refers to the Nativity Scene. The first manger was made outside a church of St. Francis of Assisi for children to show them the Nativity scene . Since then, this tradition became very popular. Distributing Christmas candies This is one of the most wonderful traditions of all. Christmas candies are distributed to neighbors during the Yuletide season. On the day of Christmas, people forget all misunderstandings and grudges. They come together to celebrate the birth of Jesus. These traditions have been carried out for decades, yet they are celebrated with more and more exuberance each year. The level of excitement has never gone down. It just keeps getting better and better with time. 篇三:各国圣诞习俗大PK 各国圣诞习俗大PK Most of you are familiar with American, Canadian and English Christmas customs, which are largely the same, including Santa bringing presents that sit below a lit up tree. But have you ever wondered just how Christmas is celebrated in China, or in Finland? Whether youre just interested in learning more about other cultures or want to incorporate some new traditions into your holiday celebrations, this article is filled with all you need to know about international Christmases. 6 / 11


大多数人对英美加这些国家如何过圣诞都很熟悉。它们的圣诞习俗大同小异,包括圣诞老人在点亮的圣诞树下放上礼物。但是你曾想过中国、芬兰这些国家是如何庆祝圣诞的吗?不管你是有兴趣了解其他文化,还是想为自己的圣诞庆祝添点新花样,这篇文章将给你所有“必知”的不同国家的圣诞知识。 Poland 波兰
For Poles, Christmas Eve is a night of magic when animals are said to talk and people have the power to predict the future. Its a time for families to gather and reconcile any differences, and to remember loved ones who have gone before them. 对于波兰人来说,平安夜是充满魔力的一夜。据说动物在这一夜可以与人说话,而人有预测未来的能力。家人们会在平安夜团聚一堂,调和矛盾,并怀念过世的亲人。
Wigilia (vee-GEEL-yah, which literally means vigil, or waiting for the birth of Baby Jesus, is considered more important than Christmas Day itself. 对波兰人来说,“守夜”或“等待婴孩耶稣的诞生”(Wigilia)比圣诞节那一天更重要。
Wigilia is a meatless meal because, years ago, Roman Catholics fasted for the four weeks of Advent, including Christmas Eve. In the past there were thirteen main dishes (representing the Apostles and Christ, but, these days, many families have replaced this tradition with a twelve-fruit compote for dessert. 1 “守夜”晚餐是素食,因为多年前,罗马天主教徒在降临节四周一直到平安夜都斋戒。过去晚餐有13道主菜(代表耶稣和他的使徒)。但是如今许多家庭转而选择12样水果的果盘甜点。
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The foods are to represent the four corners of the earth -- mushrooms from the forest, grain from the fields, fruit from the orchards, and fish from the lakes and sea. 食物代表地球的天涯海角——蘑菇来自于森林,谷物来自于田地,水果来自于果园,而鱼来自于湖海。
Meals vary from family to family but usually include a special soup followed by many elegant fish preparations, vegetables, and pierogi. 每家的饭菜都不同,但通常都包括一种特制的汤,还有许多精致的鱼肉餐、蔬菜和半圆形小酥饼。 Czech Republic 捷克共和国
The Czech version of Saint Nick is known as Svaty Mikulas, who is said to climb down to Earth from the heavens using a golden rope. Mikulas is accompanied by an angel and a 2 devil who help him decide which girls and boys deserve treats and toys, and which ones deserve a swatch. 捷克人称圣诞老人为“米库拉斯”(Svaty Mikulas)。据说他用一根金绳从天堂爬到了大地。陪在他身边的是一位天使和一位恶魔。他们俩决定哪些男孩女孩值得得到美食和玩具而哪些孩子该被鞭打一顿。
There are a lot of fortune-telling traditions that are associated with Christmas as well. One involves a family member cutting a branch from a cherry tree and putting it inside in water. If it blooms in time for Christmas it is good luck. It also may represent that the winter will be short, or if a single woman picked the branch, it could mean she will get married in the next year. 圣诞节也有一些算命的习俗。其中有一个是家庭成员从樱桃树上砍下一根树枝并把它放入水中。如果它在圣诞节开了花,就表示好运。它也代表冬季会很短。倘若一位单身女子捡到了这根树枝,这表示她在明年将会结婚。
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On Christmas Eve, single woman also try to see if they will get married in the next year by standing outside with their back to their front door, removing one of their shoes and throwing it over their shoulder. If the shoe lands with the toe facing the door, then she will marry in the next year. If not, she will have to wait at least another 12 months. 在平安夜,单身女子还会通过“扔鞋子”来测试自己明年是否会结婚。她们在屋外背对前门站着,脱下一只鞋,把它从肩上向后扔。如果鞋子落地时鞋头朝门,这就表示她们明年将会结婚。如果鞋子鞋尾朝门,她们就得再等个一年了。 Austria 奥地利
Austrian children still get to celebrate the arrival of Ol Saint Nick, but they also have to brace themselves for the arrival of his evil counterpart, Krampus. Where Saint Nicholas 3 rewards good behavior with treats and toys on December 6, the demonic Krampus arrives on December 5, looking to punish all the bad children. His weapons of choice are birch switches to beat children with and burlap sacks to kidnap them and throw them into the river. The worst part is that local men actually dress up like Krampus (just like many men dress up as Santa in America and terrorize the streets. In some villages, kids are even made to run what is known as a Krampus-gauntlet, in an attempt to outrun the switches. 地利的孩子们庆祝圣诞老人的到来,但同时他们也得迎来邪恶的克拉普斯(Krampus)。圣诞老人在126号给表现好的孩子送美食、发玩具。而恶魔般的克拉普斯5号就到了,意在惩罚所有的坏孩子。他把桦树枝做的鞭子当武器,还用粗麻袋绑架他们,把他们扔到河里。最糟糕的是,当地的男士会打扮的像克拉普斯(就像许多美国人打扮的像圣诞老人一样)在街上吓唬小孩子。在很多村庄里,很多小孩子甚至必须接受“克拉普斯大挑战”,他们努力比克拉普斯的鞭子跑得更快。
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法国
Children of East France have an evil visitor to keep them behaving all year long. Le Pere Fouettard, which translates into The Whipping Father, accompanies Saint Nicolas in on December 6. While St. Nick gives good children presents, Le Pere Fouettard gives coal and whippings to the naughty children. 法国东部的孩子们有个邪恶的造访者,他叫“鞭子老爹”Le Pere Fouettard确保孩子们一整年都表现乖巧。圣诞老人126号给孩子分发礼物时,他也陪伴左右。“鞭子老爹”会给淘气的孩子煤块和一顿鞭子。
4 One of the most popular origin stories of the character say that he was a greedy inn keeper who killed three rich boys on their way to boarding school. In many versions of the story, he even eats the children. Whether or not he cannibalizes the boys, the story ends when Saint Nick finds out and resurrects the children and forces Le Pere Fouettard to act as his servant throughout time. 关于“鞭子老爹”这个人物的起源,最流行的一个版本是说,他是一个贪婪的旅馆老板,在三个富男孩上学路上把他们杀了。很多其他版本甚至流传他吃小孩。故事的结局是圣诞老人找到并救出了孩子们,还迫使“鞭子老爹”永世做他的仆人。
Aside from The Whipping Father, another popular French tradition involves making a cake that looks like a traditional Yule log, known as buche de Noel. Christmas trees never really caught on in the country and while most people dont have any use for an actual Yule log, the cake is a fun and festive substitute. Some of the buche de Nol can get fairly elaborate and even involve meringue mushrooms and edible flower decorations. 10 / 11


除了“鞭子老爹”的故事,法国圣诞还有一个传统是做“圣诞柴蛋糕”。其实圣诞树从未风靡全法国。虽然圣诞柴对法国人来说没什么实际用途,但这个蛋糕代表了人们的愉快和节日的喜庆。有些“圣诞柴蛋糕”做得相当精致,甚至有蛋白酥皮小蘑菇和能吃的花朵装饰品。 Germany 德国
Belsnickel is the German Santas dark enforcer, but hes not nearly as evil as Krumpus or The Whipping Father. Instead he just wears fur from head to toe and gives good girls and boys candy and bad children coal and switches. 贝尔森克(Belsnickel)是德国圣诞老人的惩罚执行者,但他没克拉普斯或鞭子老爹那么邪恶。他从头到脚穿着毛皮,给好孩子们发糖果,给坏孩子们煤块和一顿鞭子。
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