什么是语言学和应用语言学.
发布时间：2018-09-16 来源：文档文库
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什么是语言学和应用语言学？
很多同学选择了这门课，却不清楚语言学或应用语言学到底讲些什么。别着急，不是你一人有问号？以下的几个答案也不完美。仅供参考。
What is Linguistics?(I
Linguistics is the general study of language. It addresses those features which all 5,000 languages have in common, and the ways in which languages may differ from one another, and the ways in which languages change over time. In Linguistics, you will learn how language is processed in the brain (cognitive science, sounds and their patterns (phonetics, word structure (morphology, sentence structure (syntax, meaning (semantics, how languages evolve over time (comparative and historical linguistics, and how language is used in society (sociolinguistics. The study of Linguistics teaches students to think analytically and to solve problems enabling them to successfully pursue diverse career tracks.
What is Linguistics?(II
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It deals with all those questions and many more. Linguistics can be divided into two broad areas. One is the analytical and systematic study of speech sounds, words, sentences and meaning. The other is the study of the psychological, social and cultural aspects of language.
People tend to talk language for granted. Though it’s a fundamental part of all our lives, few of us know much about it. How do languages differ? What do they have in common? How do children learn such a complex skill as speaking? How does a person’s language influence their thinking? How does languages fit in with society and culture? How and why do languages change?
What is applied Linguistics?
Today the governing board of AILA describes applied linguistics 'as a means to help solve specific problems in society....applied linguistics focuses on the numerous and complex areas in society in which language plays a role.'* There appears to be consensus that the goal is to apply the findings and the techniques from research in linguistics and related disciplines to solve practical problems. To an observer, the most notable change in applied linguistics has been its rapid growth as an interdisciplinary field. In addition to foreign language teaching and machine translation, a partial sampling of issues considered central to the field of applied linguistics today includes topics such as language for special purposes (e.g. language and communication problems related to aviation, language disorders, law, medicine, science, language policy and planning, and language and literacy issues. For example, following the adoption of English as the working language for all international flight communication by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, some applied linguists concerned themselves with understanding the kinds of linguistic problems that occur when pilots or flight engineers from varying backgrounds communicate using a nonnative language and how to better train them to communicate in English more effectively.
Some applied linguists are concerned with helping planners and legislators in countries develop and implement a language policy (e.g. planners are working in South Africa to specify and to further develop roles in education and government not only for English and Afrikaans
but also for the other nine indigenous languages or in helping groups develop scripts, materials, and literacy programs for previously unwritten languages (e.g. for many of the 850+ indigenous languages of Papua New Guinea.
Other applied linguists have been concerned with developing the most effective programs possible to help adult newcomers to the United States or other countries, many of whom have limited if any prior education, develop literacy in the languages which they will need for survival and for occupational purposes. Other topics currently of concern to applied linguists are the broad issue of the optimal role of the mother tongue in the education of culturally and linguistically diverse students, the language of persuasion and politics, developing effective tools and programs for interpretation and translation, and language testing and evaluation. Applied Linguistics Today
Over the intervening years, the foci of attention have continued to broaden. Today the governing board of AILA describes applied linguistics 'as a means to help solve specific problems in society....applied linguistics focuses on the numerous and complex areas in society in which language plays a role.'* There appears to be consensus that the goal is to apply the findings and the techniques from research in linguistics and related disciplines to solve practical problems. To an observer, the most notable change in applied linguistics has been its rapid growth as an interdisciplinary field. In addition to foreign language teaching and machine translation, a partial sampling of issues considered central to the field of applied linguistics today includes topics such as language for special purposes (e.g. language and communication problems related to aviation, language disorders, law, medicine, science, language policy and planning, and language and literacy issues. For example, following the adoption of English as the working language for all international flight communication by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, some applied linguists concerned themselves with understanding the kinds of linguistic problems that occur when pilots or flight engineers from varying backgrounds communicate using a nonnative language and how to better train them to communicate in English more effectively.
Some applied linguists are concerned with helping planners and legislators in countries develop and implement a language policy (e.g. planners are working in South Africa to specify and to further develop roles in education and government not only for English and Afrikaans but also for the other nine indigenous languages or in helping groups develop scripts, materials, and literacy programs for previously unwritten languages (e.g. for many of the 850+ indigenous languages of Papua New Guinea.
Other applied linguists have been concerned with developing the most effective programs possible to help adult newcomers to the United States or other countries, many of whom have limited if any prior education, develop literacy in the languages which they will need for survival and for occupational purposes. Other topics currently of concern to applied linguists are the broad issue of the optimal role of the mother tongue in the education of culturally and linguistically diverse students, the language of persuasion and politics, developing effective tools and programs for interpretation and translation, and language testing and evaluation.
In the United Kingdom, the first school of applied linguistics is thought to have opened in 1957 at the University of Edinburgh with Ian Catford as Head. In the United States, a nonprofit educational organization, the Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL, was founded in 1959 with Charles Ferguson as its first Director. CAL's mission remains to 'promote the study of language and to assist people in achieving their educational, occupational, and social goals through more effective communication'. The organization carries out its mission by collecting and disseminating information through various clearinghouses that it operates, by conducting practical research, by developing practical materials and training individuals such as teachers, administrators, or other human resource specialists to use these to reduce the barriers that limited language proficiency can pose for culturally and linguistically diverse individuals as they seek full and effective participation in educational or occupational opportunities.
什么是应用语言学？
“应用语言学”这个术语的出现已经130年了，遗憾的是，至今为止，对于“什么是应用语言学？”“应用语言学应该包括哪些研究领域？”等最基本的问题，各国学者始终没有一个统一的认识。许多学者认为应用语言学就是一个“杂物箱”，任何不好归类的语言研究领域都可在这里找到一席之地；还有一些学者认为应用语言学只是研究语言教学的学科，而另一些学者则认为应用语言学只是研究机器语言处理的学科。“杂物箱”的看法，显然难以使应用语言学成为一门系统的学科； 