第二十二章
独立结构
独立结构有时也称为独立从句，其本质特征有二：一是它有自己的逻辑主语，且和句子的主语不一致；二是它不含有动词的限定形式。这类结构与句子的主要部分多用逗号隔开，有时也可用破折号。
◆ 独立结构的基本形式
（1）名词（或代词）+现在分词
Weather permitting, we will go to the beach on Sunday. 如果天气允许的话，我们星期天去海边玩。
She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. 她两眼直视前方，肌肉微微收缩。
（2）名词（或代词）+过去分词
The task finished, Tom had a two-month leave. 任务完成后，汤姆休了两个月的假。
It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with white snow.这是晴朗的而寒冷的一天，地上覆盖者白雪。
（3）名词（或代词）+动词不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是头两卷，第三卷下月出书。
We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.
我们在10：45集合，因为旅行队伍在11点准时行动。
（4）名词（或代词）+形容词
She entered the office, her nose red with cold. 她走进办公室，鼻子冻的通红。
The floor wet and slippery, we stay outside. 由于地板又湿又滑，我们就呆在外面。
（5）名词（或代词）+介词短语
In front of him stood a man, gun in the hand. 在他面前站着一个人，手中持枪。
The professor rested against the blackboard, chalk in one hand, textbook in the other.
教授倚在黑板上，一手拿着粉笔，一手拿着书。
（6）名词（或代词）+副词
The ceremony over, I went back home. 仪式结束后，我就回家了。
Breakfast over, she went to her study. 吃完早饭，她走进书房。
（7）名词（或代词）+名词
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 200人在事故中丧生，其中很多是孩子。
She talked about her friends, all of them television stars. 她谈起自己的朋友，他们全是电视明星。
◆ 有with引导的独立结构
介词with的宾语后带有不定式、分词、介词短语、形容词或副词等，也可看作独立结构。
（1）with + 名词（或代词）+ 动词不定式
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work.
它们是高度机械化的农场，所有工作都由机器做。
With all this work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out.有这么多工作要做，我不知道我是否有时间出去。
（2）with + 名词（或代词）+现在分词
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天气晴朗，吹来阵阵清风。
With exams approaching, it’s a good idea to review your class notes. 考试即将到来，复习课堂笔记是个好主意。
（3）with + 名词（或代词）+过去分词
With this sum added, we will have enough money for the trip. 如果加上这笔金额，我们这次旅行的钱就够了。
She did not answer immediately, but meditated again, with her eyes fixed on the opposite wall.
她没有立刻回答，而是又沉思起来，眼睛盯着对面的墙壁。
（4）with + 名词（或代词）+介词短语
She came in, with a flower in her hand. 她走了进来，手中拿着花朵。
With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married. 她眼里含着高兴的泪水，看着女儿嫁出去。
（5）with + 名词（或代词）+形容词
With the weather so stuffy, it’ll rain probably. 天气这样闷，或许要下雨。
He often goes to bed with all windows open. 他经常开着所有的窗户睡觉。
（6）with + 名词（或代词）+副词
The child stood on the table with his dirty shoes on. 那孩子穿着脏鞋子站着桌子上。
The square looks more magnificent than ever with all the lights on. 所有灯都打开，广场显得更加壮观。
（7）with +名词（或代词）+名词
She died with her son（being）yet a schoolboy. 她去世的时候儿子还是个小学生。
◆ “there being + 名词（或代词）”的独立结构
这是一种特殊形式的独立结构，其中名词或代词是现在分词being的逻辑主语。如：
There being no evidence of his crime, the suspect was set free. 因为没有犯罪证据，那个犯罪嫌疑人被释放了。
There being nobody else to send, I had to go by myself. 由于没人可派，我只得自己去了。
独立结构的特点和句法功能
独立结构一般用于正式语体（特别是文学语言），口语中用得很少（但with引导的独立结构在口语中也常用到）。它的位置比较灵活，可以出现在句首或句末，主要用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。
◆ 表示时间。如：
The thesis finished（= after the thesis was finished），she went back to Beijing. 论文完成后，她就回北京了。
The meal over（= when the meal was over），they began to work again. 吃过饭后，他们又开始工作了。
◆ 表示原因。如：
Her face red with anger（= as her face was red with anger），she could not say a word.
她因气愤脸都涨红了，一句话也说不出来。
The last bus having gone（= because the last bus had gone），we had to walk home.末班车已出发，我们只好走回家。
◆ 表示条件。如：
Weather permitting（= if weather permits），we will have the match tomorrow.
如果天气许可，我们将于明天进行比赛。
All things considered, I’m sure we made the right decision. 从各方面考虑，我相信我们做的决定正确。
◆ 表示方式或伴随状况。如：
I saw Jim sitting at desk, a newspaper spread before him. 我看到吉姆坐在书桌前，面前摆着一张报纸。
The children returned, their faces covered with sweat. 孩子们回来了，满脸是汗。
He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age. 他坐在他们面前，脸上的灰尘让人看不出他的年龄。
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
一大群官员跟随着皇帝，有的提着皇帝的长袍，有的照料皇帝的腰带等等。
◆ 表示进一步解释和补充说明。如：
There are two good dictionaries, each having its own characteristics. 有两本好词典，每本都有各自的特色。
She remained in the hospital for several months, the company paying all her expenses.
她在医院住了好几个月，公司负责承担所有费用。
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