广州黄埔军校旧址中英文

Site for Former Whampoa Military Academy

【On the way to the Academy】-【At the Main Entrance】-【At the Academy Gate】-【At the Office of the Political Department】-【President’s General Office】-【President’s Reception Chamber】-【Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen】-【Monument to Sun Yat-sen】- 【Its Club】-【Its swimming Pool】-【Martyr’s Cemetery in Memory of Eastern Expedition】

【On the way to the Academy】

Whampoa Military Academy is the cradle of Chinese military strategists, and a holy land of the national revolution. It is known as one of the four prestigious military academies together with the west point in the United Stages, the royal Military Academy in Britain and Frunze Military Academy in former Russia.

After Xinhai revolution in 1911, China stood the test such events as the First National Revolutionary War, the land reform, War of Resistance against Japan and the War of Liberation. Graduates and staff from Whampoa Military Academy starred during the war or peace times in the different ways.

Among the ten generals of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, five of them were its graduates. They are Ye Jianying, Nei Rongzhen, Chen Yi, Xu Xiangqian and Lin Biao. Its staff members include Zhou Emlai, Tao Zhu, Liu Zhidan and Zuo Quan. They were awarded their titles as the first group of generals of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. They have made great contribution to the victory of the War of Liberation. The generals of the Nationalist Army are graduates of Whampoa as well. Li Jishen, Du Yuming, Hu Zongnan, Deng Yanda, Song Xilian and Chen Cheng, to name a few.

Some people commented that the wars in the modern time of China were actually battles among its former staff and graduates. This is a snap conclusion but to some degree it is true if we look at the name lists of the generals of the two parties: the Communist Party and the Nationalist Party. Many historical documents and facts shadow the Whampoa Military Academy with a mysterious veil. This myth attracts people from all walks of life come to pay a visit or to conduct related research.

With the assistance of the Communist Party of China and the former Soviet government, Sun Yat-sen founded a new-style military and political academy. “To establish a revolutionary army to save China form all risks” was the aim he brought forth at its opening ceremony on June, 16th, 1926. This academy was under the leadership of Premier Sun Yat-sen, President Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist Party representative Liao Zhongkai. It ran seven enrollments on end before it was relocated to Nanjing in 1930 and later to Chengdu and Taiwan.

【At the Main Entrance】

Inscribed on the plaque at the top of the main entrance are six Chinese characters “陆军军官学校”(General Academy of Army), written by Tan Yankai, the patriarch of the Nationalist Party. The academy was renamed for a few times, but they never put the four Chinese character “黄埔军校”on the plaque. It is called so just because it was located at Whampoa, in Changzhou Island, Guangzhou.

Now we come back to the topic why Sun Yat-sen wanted to found a military academy? He devoted himself to the national revolution for more than two decades, but he did not have an army loyal to the revolution. This led to the failure in revolution from time to time, he concluded. He felt extremely sad in 1922 when Chen Jiongmin betrayed him and bombarded the Office of the President. After deep refection, he was determined to establish a general academy of army to cultivate leading generals and well-trained soldiers in order to succeed in the revolution.

Mottos and couplets were posted inside the Academy. We can find the last words of Premier Sun Yat-sen here: “The work of revolution is not yet done, let all our comrades strive for its success.”

Behind the main entrance is the site of the academy. It used to be the Canton Army Primary School in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Academy was established, the president’s office, departments’ offices, classrooms, dormitories and the dining hall were all here. But all the buildings on the campus were destroyed by Japanese fighter planes in 1938. It was really a pity. In May, 1998, Guangzhou municipal government decided to have the academy rebuilt. Its reconstruction cost more than 20 million yuan. It was completed on November 12th, in 1998 when it was the 130th anniversary of Premier Sun Yat-sen.

【At the Academy Gate】

The Academy covers an area of 10,600 square meters .Its two-storey school board buildings are brick-timber framed. Three main passages and four rows of housing buildings are its layout.

The four rows of housing buildings have the same design and stand symmetrically on either the east or the west side of an invisible north-south axis. Surrounded by walls, these four buildings lead onto the main passages. As we can see, the buildings on the campus are linked into a complete whole by passages. We can also feel its quietness and grace.

The place we are now standing at was called “Dahua Hall”. It was the meeting place of its staff members and students when the academy was just set up and they did not have auditorium.

【At the Office of the Political Department】

We are now visiting the office of the Political Department. Premier Zhou Enlai worked as the third director of this Department when they had their first enrollment. Marshal Nie Rongzhen acted as secretary for this Department, and he worked as a drill master as well.

President’s Chamber is the room where President Qiang Kai-shek used to work and rest. The furnishings in the room are displayed according to their original arrangement when he was here. On the walls is name list of their first enrolled students, including their name, birth place, ages and comment column. President is the person who makes the comment in the column. He once wrote about Chen Gen like this: “This graduate looks weak, but he is poised and hardworking. He is qualified to lead his men.” From the comments he made, we cold infer that President Qiang Kai-shek is a careful observer of the students’ personality, ability and strong points.

【President’s General Office】

Now we are entering President’s General Office. Nationalist Party’s representative, Liao Zhongkai, worked here. As the Party’s patriarch and great contributor to the Xinhai Revolution, he dedicated himself to the establishment of the Academy by taking concurrent posts. When the school had financial difficulties, he spared no effort to raise funds to get through. He assured his colleagues, “Please don’t worry about our financial situation, I’ll be responsible for it. You are shouldered with the responsibility to train and nurture our students.” His devotedness won him the title “a motherly affectionate leader of the party and the army.”

【President’s Reception Chamber】

The couplet in the President’s Reception says, “Climb the hills to see the sea afar, ride on the horse to pacify China”. It was written by the famous calligrapher and the Nationalist Party’s Patriarch Yu Youren and was presented to President Chiang Kai-shek. The structure of the couplet in Chinese is symmetrical. Its wording is vigorous. This couplet expresses the ambition and firm determination of the staff and students to reunify China, with this academy as their solid base.

【The Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen】

The two-storey building combines the Chinese and western architectural styles. It was used as a customs house during the Qing Dynasty. In 1952 when this building was under repair, the wooden staircase in the west was made indoors. The exhibits were organized into the themes of “The Old Days of this Storied Building” and “Anecdotes of Sun-Mei”. We can see some pictures, and some physical objects. From the exhibits here, we can know more about the past glory of the academy, and the friendship between Sun Yat-sen and his Japanese friend, Umeya Shakichi.

【Monument to Sun Yat-sen】

This monument was built in 1928 and completed in 1930. It can be said that its shape and design is distinctive. Viewed from afar, a huge Chinese character “文”is eye-catching.“文”is the focus of the whole thing. Why so? As you know, “文”is the name given by his parents when he was born.

The base of the monuments is massive. Four striking Chinese characters “亲爱精诚”are written there, emphasizing the qualities of “love and sincerity”. This four-word text is the motto of the Military Academy. This base consists of two parts, separating by a passage. The lower part implies a figure of seven. It symbolizes the seven enrollments the Military Academy has had in Whampoa. The upper part implies a figure of five. It refers to the five battles its staff and students waged successfully.

Please look up at the statue of Sun Yat-sen. He was concentrating himself in lecturing his Three Principles of the People, wasn’t he?

This bronze statue is 3.9 meters in height and 1 ton in weight. It was donated by his Japanese friend, Umeya Shakichi, who entrusted this work to a Japanese sculptor (牧田祥哉). As Umeya was in financial difficulty at that time, he had four identical statues made only. The other three were placed respectively in Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen Memorial in Macau.

Under the foot of the statue, we can see Chinese characters inscribed on the four sides of the monument. On its front facade is “孙总理纪念碑”，the handwritings of a famous calligrapher, called Hu Hanming. Its equivalent in English is “Dedicated to Premier Sun”. On its back are the words, depicting him a man as he is. These words are used as the oaths of his comrades when they go on with the work he left unfinished. On its eastern side are“和平、奋斗、救中国”（For Peace, to Struggle and Save China）.On its western side is the exhortation of Premier Sun. These words have been encouraging, inciting and advising earnestly his comrades and later generations. His exhortation was adopted as national anthem after Nationalist Party settled its capital in Nanjing 1927.

【Its Club】

This two-storey building, quite a grand hall at that time, was completed in 1926. It holds more than one thousand people. The Academy often had their gatherings, presentations, celebrations, and entertaining performance here in this auditorium.

【Its Swimming Pool】

Most of the students were from the northern part of China. They couldn’t swim. This could be a drawback. Two docks nearby were transformed into swimming pools. They first learned how to swim in the pools, then went to swim in the Pearl River. This training prepared the enrolled students to fight in the southern part of China where water networks were formed.

【Marty’s Cemetery in Memory of Eastern Expedition】

This cemetery was built in 1925, completed one year later. Its design is similar to Cemetery for 72 martyrs at Huanghuagang, Guangzhou.

This cemetery was built in memory of 516 martyrs who lay down their life on the two Eastern Expeditions in 1925. Among those heroes, Liu Yaozhan was of the highest rank. He was promoted to Lieutenant General after his death.

On its west lies the cemetery for their 16 generals. Inscribed there are the nine Chinese characters read like“东征阵亡烈士纪念坊”. Its equivalent of English is “Dedicated to the Martyrs on Eastern Expeditions”. They are the handwritings of Zhang Renjie. His other name is Zhang Jingjiang. He is the patriarch of the Nationalist Party, the military counselor and the teacher of Chiang Kai-shek. He was one of the three most famous calligraphers serving for the Nationalist Party.

Eastward Walk brings us to the cemetery of Cai Guangju. Born in Zunyi, Gunzhou, he was a student in the list of the first enrollment of the Academy. On the Eastern Expedition, he died in Danshui. Due to his bravery and his high ranking among the graduates, he earned this honour to have his own cemetery.

Monument to Northern Expedition was erected in 1929 to remember those who sacrificed their life in the battles on their Northern Expedition. It is 7 meters high. There are inscriptions on the three sides of the base. “Dedicated to the Graduates of the General Academy of Army who served as Generals and Lieutenants, but sacrificed on the Northern Expedition” are the characters written on its front facade. “Sacrifice for the Motherland” are on its east side while “Sacrifice for the People” are on its west. The names of 353 martyrs who were graduates of the Academy are inscribed on the northern, eastern and western sides.

Their noble spirit of revolution are unceasingly inspiring later generations.

黄埔军校旧址

【在途中】—— 【在大门处】——【校本部大门】——【政治部】——【校长办公厅】——【校长会客厅】——【孙中山“故居”】——【孙总理纪念碑前】——【军校俱乐部】——【军校游泳池】——【东征烈士墓园】

【在途中】

黄埔军校，是中国军事家的摇篮，国民革命的圣地。它与美国的西点军校、英国的皇家军事学院、俄国伏龙芝军事学院被称为世界四大著名军校。

中国自辛亥革命以来，历经了北伐战争、土地革命、抗日战争和解放战争。在漫长的革命战争中，黄埔军校毕业生的学员走着两条不同的道路。在中国人民解放军十位元帅中有五位出自黄埔军校，他们是叶剑英、聂荣臻、陈毅、徐向前和林彪。解放军首批授衔的著名将领，例如大家非常熟知的周总理、陶铸、刘志丹和左权等，他们为中国人民解放斗争的胜利作出了重大的贡献。而国民党军队的将领中，黄埔军校毕业的著名将领有李济深、杜聿明、胡宗南、邓演达、宋希濂和陈诚等。有人说，中国现代战争是黄埔军校师生自己打自己。这结论是简单了一些，但从战争双方共产党和国民党的主要将领看，也有一定的道理。这些历史事实使军校蒙上了一层神秘的色彩。因此，吸引了不少各界人士来此参观、研究。

黄埔军校是孙中山先生在中国共产党和苏联政府帮助下创办的一所新型的军事政治学校。1924年6月16日举行开学典礼，孙中山在开学演讲中提出“创造革命军，来挽救中国的危亡”作为办校宗旨。军校有三位最高的领导人：校总理孙中山、校长蒋介石、党代表廖仲恺。军校在长洲岛共办了7期，1930年迁往南京，后又迁往成都和台湾。

【在大门处】

军校大门门匾上的“陆军军官学校”是国民党元老谭延闿手笔，军校曾几次改名，其实都没有真正挂过“黄埔军校”四个字的门匾。因旧址在广州黄埔长洲岛，所以称它为黄埔军校。

孙中山先生为什么要创办军校？因为，他革命二十多年来，都没有一支忠于革命的军队，致使革命屡遭失败。尤其是1922年陈炯明叛变，炮轰总统府，因而十分悲痛。沉思中他开始认识到，革命要成功，必须创建办一所陆军军官学校，来培养革命军队的领军人。

校门内外张贴有各种标语和对联。如孙中山先生的遗训：“革命尚未成功，同志仍须努力。”

大门后的建筑，称为校本部。它原是清末广东陆军小学堂，黄埔军校创办后，总理校长和各部的办公室、学生课堂、宿舍、饭堂都设在这里。很可惜，这些建筑在1938年遭到日机的轰炸，荡然无存。1998年5月初，广州市政府决定重建校本部。耗资2000多万元，于同年11月12日的孙中山诞辰130周年之际落成。

【校本部大门】

校本部建筑面积1.06万平方米，是两层砖木结构，三条主要通道，四排房舍。在南北走向的中轴线东西两侧，房舍排列的形式一致，且相互对称。四排房子之间跟走廊连通，四周有围墙。整座建筑宁静幽雅，自称一体。

我们现在站的地方，当时称大花厅。办校初期由于没有礼堂，师生集会常常在此举行。

【政治部】

我们现参观政治部。我们敬爱的周总理当年是黄埔第一期的第三位政治部主任。聂荣臻元帅当年曾在政治部担任秘书和教官工作。

校长室是蒋介石办公和休息的地方，里面的摆设是按原貌恢复的。墙上贴着第一期学生的名录，包括姓名、籍贯、年龄、评语等项。评语一栏由蒋介石亲自填写。他在陈庚的评语栏上写这样的评语：“此人外形文弱，但性格稳重，能刻苦耐劳，可以带兵。”可见他能细致观察每位学生的性格、能力和特点。

【校长办公厅】

现在来到的校长办公厅，也是党代表廖仲恺的办公室。党代表廖仲恺身兼数职，作为国民党元老和辛亥革命有功之臣的廖仲恺为军校建设真是做到了呕心沥血、鞠躬尽瘁，当时军校经费十分困难，廖仲恺千方百计为军校筹款，经常到深夜才回家。军校遇到经费困难时，廖仲恺总是说：“大家放心，经费由我负责，你们只要把学生训练好就行了。”他在军校被誉为“党军慈母”。

【校长会客厅】

这里是校长会客厅。“登高望远海，立马定中原”，这是国民党元老、著名的书法家于右任赠给蒋介石校长的。这幅对联很工整，也很有气势，表达了军校师生立足黄埔，北定中原，统一中国的抱负。

【孙中山“故居”】

这座两层洋房是中西结合的建筑，原为清朝末年的海关楼，墙上嵌有“孙中山先生故居”字样。1952年维修时，把木楼梯从西侧改到室内。楼内陈列的《小楼昨日》、《孙梅轶史》和照片以及其它陈列物，可以比较详细地了解到军校昔日的风采，还有孙中山和他的日本友人梅屋庄吉的故事。

【孙总理纪念碑前】

此碑建于1928年，1930年落成。碑的造型可以说是独具匠心，构思非常巧妙的。它远看犹如一个巨大的“文”字耸立天穹。孙中山名文，碑上的“文”字则暗含了孙文的意思。碑座正面刻有“亲爱精诚”，“亲爱精诚”是军校的校训。

大家请看碑座：底下7级，上层5级，中间隔有较长的平级将其截然分开，这7级代表军校在此地办了7期，而5级则代表军校师生共参加了五次战役，且全部获胜。

请抬头望这座铜像。

宛如他生前站在讲台上讲述“三民主义”的原理。铜像是孙中山先生生前的好友、日本友人梅屋庄吉赠送的。他委托雕刻家牧田祥哉塑造。最后由于经费困难，只铸成四尊，一尊放在这里，其余三尊则放在广州中山大学、南京中山陵和澳门孙中山纪念馆。四尊铜像都是一模一样的，均高3.9米，重约1吨。

请看碑身四周：正面刻有“孙总理纪念碑”六个隶体大字，是胡汉民的笔迹。东面刻着“和平、奋斗、救中国”。碑身背面刻的总理像赞，它是孙中山革命一生的写照，也是师生继承孙中山遗志的誓言。西面刻的是总理训词。1927年国民党定都南京后，“总理训词”便成为中华民国国歌。

一般的纪念碑多是坐北朝南的，但这座纪念碑却坐南朝北。据说，其中隐含着孙中山北定中原、统一中国的遗愿。

【军校俱乐部】

这是一座两层高的楼房，在当年来说，已是规模宏大了。1926年建成，作军校礼堂用，可容纳数千人。当年师生集合、演讲、节日庆典、文艺演出，常在俱乐部里举行。

【军校游泳池】

军校学生大多数来自北方，不习水性，军校深感军队不习水性会影响战斗力，所以决心将两个小船坞改建为游泳池。同学们学会游泳后，于是都纷纷离开游泳池，游向珠江。在以后的南方水网地区战斗中得益甚多。

【东征烈士墓园】

此墓1925年动工，次年落成，它的造型跟广州黄花岗七十二烈士墓的非常相似，墓中长眠着516名烈士，他们都是在两次东征等战役中牺牲的。其中级别最高的是刘尧展烈士，牺牲后追封为陆军中将。

西边是十六将校墓。这是一座仿“巴黎凯旋门式建造的建筑”，上书“东征阵亡烈士纪功坊”，落款张人杰。张人杰即张静江，是国民党元老，蒋介石的老师和军师，国民党三大书法家之一。

往东走，便是蔡光举烈士墓。蔡光举是贵州省遵义人，第一期学员。他作战勇敢，东征时牺牲于淡水，据说因他是军校牺牲的学生中职位比较高的，故为他单独造墓，独存殊荣。

北伐纪念碑是1929年为纪念北伐牺牲的烈士而建的。高7米多，碑架三面刻字。正面刻写“国民革命军军官学校学生出身北伐阵亡将校纪念碑”；东面刻写“捐躯救国”；西面刻写“为民牺牲”。碑座的东、西、北三面均刻有在北伐中阵亡的353位黄埔军校学生的英名。

北伐烈士的革命精神将永远鼓舞着后人前进！

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