第七单元 句子的翻译（3）
真实、虚拟条件句和否定句的翻译
第一部分：英语中真实条件句和虚拟条件句的翻译
一. 真实条件句的翻译
在真实条件句中，说话人或把条件视为事实，或仅仅提出条件，不作任何主观设想，如果条件实现，主句内容便成为事实；如果条件不实现，结果也就不会发生。译成分句即可。
例如：
·If the weather is not good, I shall stay at home.
如果天气不好，我将呆在家里。
·Unless the weather is good, I shall stay at home.
如果天气不好，我将呆在家里。
·I will stay at home providing /provided/ on condition(that) the weather is not good.
假如天气不好，我就呆在家里。
·I will stay at home only if the weather is not good.
如果天气不好，我只好呆在家里。
·I will stay at home if only the weather is not good.
只要天气不好，我就呆在家里。
·Given bad weather, I will stay at home.
假使天气不好，我就呆在家里。
·Suppose we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到必要的设备，那我们怎么办？
·As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
·Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you draw?
就算这是实际情况，你又能得出什么结论呢？
·Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
万一有什么困难请给我们一个信。
·We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean.
我们可以让你们用这个房间，如果你们能保持清洁的话。
·She would have fallen but that I caught her.
要不是我抓住她，她就摔倒了。
·He is a quite conscientious man so far as I know.
据我所知，他是一个很负责的人。
二. 虚拟条件句的翻译
1. 用“早”“本来”“原先”“当初”译出虚拟语气。
例如：
·If you had tried, you would have been able to do it.
如果你原先设法做了，你早就会了。
·With his aid you would have succeeded.
当初若有他帮助，你早就成功了。
·She could have come to a patty, but she has been sick.
她本来要出席这个宴会，但她病了。
·Such mistakes could have been avoided.
这样的错误本来是可以避免的。
·I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the parade.
我那天生病了，否则我就参加游行了。
2. 用“多好”“吧”“怎么办”译出虚拟语气。
例如：
·If only he could speak French.
要是他会说法语多好啊！
·Suppose a lion should come out of the forest.
假如一头狮子从树林中冲出来，怎么办？
·You might do me a great favor.
请帮帮忙吧！
·Wouldn’t it be better for us to do it ourselves?
咱们自己干不是更好吗？
3. 用“竟然”“居然”“怎么” 译出虚拟语气。例如：
·It is strange that he should be absent today.
今天他居然缺席，真奇怪。
·That he should think me capable of it!
他居然认为我会干出这种事来。
·That it should have come to this!
事情怎么会闹到了这个地步！
·It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.
真遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。
4. 用表示愿望的句子译出虚拟语气。例如：
·I wish she would marry me.
可惜她不愿意嫁给我。
·Had he time, he would help you decorate your room.
可惜他没有时间帮你装饰房间。
·My naughty son is always driving me crazy, I could have given his a good beating everyday.
我那淘气的儿子总让我着急，我恨不得天天打他一顿。
·I wish 1 were as versatile as you.
我巴不得像你一样什么都会。
5. 原形动词表示的虚拟语气用相应的汉语译出即可。
例如：
·So be it.
但愿如此。
·God bless you.
上帝保佑你。
·Heaven help us!
老天爷保佑！
·God damn it!
该死的！
·The devil take you!
滚你的吧！
·Long live our motherland!
祖国万岁！
·Good luck be yours!
祝你走运！
·Heaven help us.
老天保佑我们。
·Suffice it to say that the manager is pleased with the work.
我只想说经理对这项工作很满意。
·May this book in a small way help to enhance the understanding and friendship between the two peoples.
希望这本书对促进两国的了解和友谊起一点作用。
6. 其他表示虚拟语气的形式译为汉语的假设句。
·Jesse, boy, you should have asked roe before you decided to walk all the way there.
杰西，孩子，在你决定步行来这之前，不问一问我，这可不好。
·A timely medical treatment could have saved the child.
如果治疗及时，这孩子本可以得救的。
·It would be a mistake Dot to take this opportunity.
如果不利用这个机会，那就不对了。
·Born into a rich family, he would have received better education.
假如生在富有的家庭，他本可以接受更好的教育。
·By united action they could have saved themselves and saved the world from this catastrophe.
假如采取一致行动，他们本可以使自己和全世界免遭这场灾难的。
·Anyone who had behaved in that way would have been dismissed.
任何人这样做了都会被解雇。
·Could the dead man have spoken, he could have identified his murderer.
如果死人会说话，他会认出谁是谋害他的人。
·I’ve loved you as if you were my son.
我一直爱你就仿佛你是我的儿子。
·It is not as though we were poor.
我们又不是穷。
EXERCISES
1. If you visit London, try to see some of these things as well as the famous sights.
2. Suppose (Supposing) we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
3. As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
4. Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you draw?
5. Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
6. We’ll let you use the room on condition that (provided that) you keep it clean and tidy.
7. She would have fallen but that I caught her.
8. He is a quite conscientious man so far as I know.
9. Were I to do it，I should first of all get the teacher to discuss the plan.
10. I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the party.
11. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
12. I wouldn’t have acted as he did.
13. I had rather (that) you told him than I did.
14. How I wish it wasn’t raining!
15. It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.
16. Would you mind turning the light on?
17. Long live world peace!
18. If he only knew how we miss him!
19. May the friendship between our two peoples last forever?
20. Wouldn’t it be better for us to do it ourselves?
第二部分：无主句的翻译
汉语中，只有谓语部分而没有主语部分的句子叫做无主句。汉语中无主句比较多。但所谓无主句，并不是省略了主语的句子（汉语中省去主语的句子属于“省略句”），而是习惯上有时这样讲；其主语到底是谁很难界定，但是在任何语言环境里它都能表达完整明确的意思。可是在英语中，句子一般都要有主语，因此，汉语的无主句译成英语时，往往要补出主语或改变句型，使句子结构符合英语语法的规范。
汉语无主句的英译法大致有以下几种：
一、运用英语的被动结构
有时我们可以把汉语无主句中的宾语转换为英语被动结构中的主语
1. 某些表示事物存在，出现的无主句，可以译成被动句。
·封面上印着一个猎人的像。
The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover (of the book).
(此句为表示“像”的存在而译成被动句)
2. 某些表示要求，规定的无主句，也往往可以译成被动句。
·必须保证八小时睡眠。
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed.
二、采用“There + be …”, “It + be…+ to …”等结构
1.汉语中某些格言，经验，或带有哲理的无主句，翻译时一般采用这种结构。
·活到老，学到老。
It is never too old to learn.
·没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would also be no facility.
2. 装语序
有些表示事物存在，出现或消失的无主句，结构形式与英语的倒装句相似，因此，在汉译英时用倒装语序往往是十分得体的，
·和这些产品一道展出的还有钢铁厂和高炉的模型。
On display by the side of those products were models of steel works and blast furnaces.
·远处传来悲壮的笛声。
In the distance sounded a solemn, stirring reed flute.
3. 使句式
汉语中表示请求，命令，号召，及标语，口号等的无主句，可仿照英语中的同类句式来翻译。
·请勿吸烟。
No smoking.
·中国共产党万岁！
Long live the Chinese Communist Party!
4. 当的名词或代词补出主语
汉语无主句的英译，除上述几中方法外，还可以根据上下文选用适当的名词或代词（包括人称代词和否定代词）补出主语，构成一个完整的句子。例如：
·知彼知己，百战不殆。
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred of battles with no danger of defeat.
·弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost.
EXERCISES
1. 全面建设小康社会，最根本的是坚持以经济建设为中心，不断解放和发展社会生产力。
2. 走新型工业化道路，大力实施科教兴国战略和可持续发展战略。
3. 走新型工业化道路，必须发挥科学技术作为第一生产力的重要作用，注重依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质，改善经济增长质量和效益。
4. 合理开发和节约使用各种自然资源。抓紧解决部分地区水资源短缺问题，新建南水北调工程。
5. 坚持以信息和带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化，走出一条科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化路子
6. 优先发展信息产业，在经济和社会领域广泛应用信息技术。
7. 用高新技术改造传统产业，大力振兴转北制造业
8. 加快发展现代服务业，提高第三产业在国民经济中的比重
9. 鼓励科技创新，在关键领域和若干科技发展前沿掌握核心技术和拥有一批自主知识产权
10. 必须把可持续发展放在十分突出的地位，坚持计划生育、保护环境和保护资源的基本国策。
第三部分：否定句的翻译
各种语言都有各自不同的表达肯定和否定的方式。单从思维逻辑概念来说，中国人和西方人有相似的否定思维方式。在翻译的过程中，我们可以直接把汉语的否定形式译成英语的否定形式。例如：“你明天不去上课吗？” 译成：“Are you not going to attend class tomorrow？”但是，英汉两种语言在表达肯定和否定的方式上是有明显区别的。汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达，否定句带有否定字词的标记。如：“不、无、非、没、莫、勿、未、否”等， 以及由这些字组成的词语， 如：“毫无、根本没有、否则、决不、没有、未尝。”等。另外，还有表示部分否定的词语，如：“并非所有的都，几乎没有，不是每个都，不总是，几乎不，不怎么”，以及表示双重否定的词语：“非……不,非……莫,不……没有”等。英语中表达否定概念通常有两种手段。
1. 借助词汇表达否定
英语借助no, not, never, nor, neither 等否定词，和具有否定意义的词语：如hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, narrowly, few, little等带有半否定意义的副词；fail, deny, defy, miss lack, ignore, refuse, neglect, overlook, exclude, withhold, prevent（from）等带有否定意义的动词；unless, until, rather than, or等带有否定意义的连词；but, without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of, anything but, in vain等带有否定意义的介词；far from, free from, safe from, missing, ignorant等带有否定意义的形容词；以及由no-, non-, dis-, in-, un-, im-, -less等含有否定意义的前缀和后缀组成的词语。
2. 借助结构和表达方式表达否定
英语还运用比较结构 more…than…, other than…, rather than…, would rather than…, know better than…, too…to..., too…for…等来表达否定。在这类结构中,连词than引出意义否定的部份。例如:
·部队宁可绕道走,也不踩庄稼。
The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.
·他年龄太小,不能照顾自己。
He is too young to take care of himself.
3. 还有由连词if 引起的表示诅咒，发誓，感叹的句型也能表达否定的含义。例如：
·他说他要放手就不是人。
He said he’d be damned if he’d stop.
由此可见，由于汉语和英语在表达否定概念的方法的差别，决定我们在汉译英的过程中要根据不同的情况采取适当的翻译方法，尽量使译文准确，地道，易懂。通常采取以下几种常见的翻译方法：
一、将汉语的否定句译成英语的否定句
• 天都这么晚了，我看她不会来了。
It is so late. I do not think she will come.
• 房子尽管富丽堂皇，但是住起来一点也不舒服。
With all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in.
• 我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的殷切希望。
We will never betray the trust of the people of our country.
• 如果没有摩擦，运动的物体永远不会停止。
A moving object would never come to a stop if there were no friction.
• 二氧化碳不能燃烧，也不能助燃。
Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support burn.
(注：此句否定连词nor置于句首，句子的语序要倒装。)
• 不懂的事，不要怕问。
Don’t be above asking about things you don’t understand.
二、将汉语的否定句译成英语的肯定句
• 俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。
As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.”
• 他决不会说出这样的话。
He was the last man to say such things.
• 那位老人能在大风大浪中不停地游泳达三个小时以上。
The old man could swim continuously in great storms for more than three hours.
• 不错，你有天赋，可是天赋就象深藏在岩石底下的宝石，没有艰苦的发掘，精心地雕琢，他自己是不会发出光彩来的。
Of course you have gifts, but gifts are like deeply buried precious stones that need to be laboriously dug out and polished until they sparkle.
• 世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。
Only after Bole came into the world were there horses able to gallop one thousand li. Such horses are common, but a Bole is rare.
三、将汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句
• 完全同意。
I couldn’t agree more.
• 这些细菌要在温度达到一百摄氏度时才会死亡。
These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100°C.
• 自然界中的作用力,必定要牵涉到两个或两个以上的物体。
There is never a force acting in nature unless two or more bodies are involved.
• 智者千虑，必有一失。
Even the wise are not always free from errors.
• 所有机器在运转时都要损失能量。
There is no machine but will lose energy when in motion.
四、将汉语的双重否定句译成英语的双重否定句
• 没有足够的加速度，地球卫星是不能进入太空的。
The earth satellite would not get into space without enough acceleration.
• 没有科学技术知识要建设社会主义是不可能的。
Without knowledge of science and technology it is impossible to build socialism.
• 我想：希望本无所谓有，无所谓无。
I thought: hope cannot be said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist.
• 不看秦始皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。
A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China.
• 子曰：不患人之不己知，患不知人也。
The Master said: (the good man) does not grieve that other people do not recognize his merits. His only anxiety is lest he should fail to recognize theirs.
EXERCISES
I. SENTENCE TRANSLATION
1. 他穷得养不起老婆。
2. 动物没有水不能生存，植物没有水也不能生长。
3. 我很高兴看到你安然无恙。
4. 他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。
5. 返回祖国的念头始终萦绕在他们的心中。
6. 这些昆虫太小，不用放大镜就看不见。
7. 只要他在国内，他不会不来开会的。
8. 失败并未减弱我们的决心，反而大大增强了我们的决心。
9. 一滴水只有放进大海里才能永远不干，一个人只有当他把自己和集体事业融合在一起的时候才能有力量。
10. 既然如此，看来这项工程项目不进行下去是不行的。
II.PASSAGE TRANSLATION
在西方流传着一句据说是来自古老中国的谚语。如果你想要几小时的幸福，就去喝醉酒；如果你想要三年的幸福，就去结婚；如果你想要一辈子的幸福，就去做个园丁。我看到过一份美国某大学对“幸福”的研究课题报告，对幸福下的定义是：“主观地感到适意的程度”。这种感觉应当是有持续性的。许多人以为休闲是很大的幸福。但调查显示：大部分感到幸福的人是在工作中，是那些因工作而特别忙碌的人而不是有太多休闲时间的人。幸福不意味着“得到我想要的东西”，而是“想要我们得到的东西”。幸福是一种使两者平衡的游戏。幸福的人是一个有远大目标同时不忘记自己是生活在现在的人。看到这些，我真觉得我很接近于一个幸福的人了
第一部分：英语中真实条件句和虚拟条件句的翻译
1. 倘若你去伦敦游览，在参观著名景点的同时，也要设法到这些地方走走看看。
2. 假如我们弄不到必要的设备，那我们怎么办？
3. 只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的办法。
4. 就算这是实际情况，你又能得出什么结论呢？
5. 万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。
6. 我们可以让你们用这个房间，如果你们能保持整洁的话。
7. 要不是我抓住她，她就摔倒了。
8. 据我所知，他是一个很负责任的人。
9. 要是我做这工作，我首先要发动老师来讨论这个计划。
10.我那天生病，否则就参加晚会了。
11.要是没有碰到暴雨，我们还会早到一些的。
12.我不会像他那样干。
13.我宁愿你告诉他而不是我告诉他。
14.现在要是不下雨多好！
15.半途而废就太遗憾了。
16.劳驾把灯开开。
17.世界和平万岁！
18.祝两国人民的友谊万古长青！
19.但愿他知道我们多么想念他！
20.自己干不是更好吗？
第二部分：无主句的翻译
1. In building a well-off society in all-round way, it is of vital importance to take economic developments the central task and keep releasing and developing the productive forces.
2. Take a new road to industrialization and implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and that of sustainable development.
3. In taking a new road to industrialization, we must give play to the important role of science and technology as the primary productive force and pay close attention to improving the quality and efficiency of economic growth by relying on scientific and technological progress and raising the qualities of labor force.
4. We must lose no time in solving the problem of water shortage in some areas and build the south-to-north water diversion project. We should promote marine development and do well in the comprehensive improvement of land and resources.
5. It is, therefore, necessary to persist in using IT to propel industrialization, which will, in return, stimulate IT application, blazing a new trail to industrialization featuring high scientific an technological content, good economic returns, low resources consumption, little environment pollution and a full display of advantages in human resources
6. We must give priority to the development of the information industry and apply IT in all areas of economic and social development.
7. It is necessary to transform traditional industries with high and new technology and advanced adaptive technology and invigorate the equipment manufacturing industry.
8. We should accelerate the development of the modern service sector and raise the proportion of the tertiary industry in the national economy.
9. We must encourage scientific and technological innovation and acquire key technology and independent intellectual property rights in key areas and a number of domains in frontier science and technology.
10. We must give top priority to sustainable development, adhere to the basic state policies of family planning and environmental and resources protection, keep the birthrate low and rationally develop and economically utilize all kinds of natural resources.
第三部分：A
A proverb allegedly from ancient China was widely spread in the West. If you want to be happy for a few hours, go to get drunk; if you want the happiness to last three years, get married; if you want a lifetime happiness, take up gardening. A research of a US university that I’ve read gives a definition of happiness as what makes a person feel comfortably pleased. This should be something lasting rather than transitory. Lots of people regard it the happiest to be the leisure. But according to a study, it is not a person with plenty of leisure but one at work that feels happy, especially those busy with work having little time for leisure. Happiness does not spell gains one is after but a desire to harvest what one is seeking for. Happiness is a game balancing between two ends A happy man is one who aims high but never forgets his actual situation. Reading about these I really think that I am quite near being such a person.
B
1. He is too poor to keep a wife.
2. Animals cannot live without water; neither can plants grow.
3. I am glad to see you safe and sound.
4. His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present.
5. The thought of returning to his motherland never deserted him.
6. These insects are so small that they can not be seen without a magnifying glass.
7. He will certainly come for the meeting unless he is not in China.
8. Our failure strengthened, rather than weakened our determination.
9. Only the great ocean can keep a drop of water from eventually drying up; only when he merges his personal cause with that of the collective will a man have strength.
10. Since that is the case, it seems impossible not to keep this project going on.
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