剑桥雅思5—7阅读文章生词列表 - @英语词汇精华博主，陈鹏飞老师

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剑桥七—TEST1—1

Let’s Go Bats

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bats hunt at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles.

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prey [prei]

被捕食的动物

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obstacle ['ɔbstәkl]

障碍 (物) ,阻碍 (物)

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the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow.

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insect

昆虫

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prey on

捕食

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given that

考虑到；鉴于

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exploit ['ɛksplɔɪt]

利用或开发（尤指矿藏和其他自然资源）But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds

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make a go of

使成功，相处得好natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade

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It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals.

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nocturnal [nɔk'tə:nəl]

夜的;夜间发生的

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way back

老早就, 很久以前

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ancestry ['ænsɛstrɪ]

[集合称]先祖,祖先,祖宗 ancestor ['ænsistә]祖先，祖宗（特别是远于祖父辈的人）

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trade

手艺;职业.

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mammal ['mæm!]

哺乳动物mamma [儿]妈妈

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mammalian [mæ'meiljən]

哺乳动物的our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night.

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scrape a living

勉强够维持生活

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find their way about

找出途径，努力前进，达到

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somehow.

以某种方式; 通过某种途径

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Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water.

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obstruct

阻碍, 阻挡

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scatter

使分散，驱散，分散

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maneuver [mə'nu:və]

熟练而巧妙地引导，操纵Given the questions of how to maneuver in the dark, what solutions might an engineer consider

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The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight

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lantern ['læntən]

（通常指手提的）灯笼; 提灯

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searchlight

探照灯.

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firefly

萤火虫

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solution [sә'lju:ʃәn]

解答, 解决办法

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This doesn't require a prohibitive amount of energy:

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prohibitive [prə(ʊ)ˈhɪbɪtɪv]

(费用、价格等)过高的 prohibit vt.禁止, 阻止

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a male's tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the light source itself

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pinprick

（光等的）点，针孔

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expose

使暴露, 使接触到, 使曝光

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using light to find one's own way around requires vastly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each part of the scene.

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detect

发觉, 侦查, 探测

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fraction

1，小部分, 一点儿 2. 分数；小数

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bounce off

从 ... 弹跳出来，从 ... 弹回，试探

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illuminate [i'lju:mineit]

照明 The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path

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headlight

车等的)车前大灯;前照灯

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immense [i'mens]

极广大的, 无边的, <口>非常好的

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In any event

不管怎样;无论如何

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apart from

除了

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uncanny ['ʌn'kæni]

神奇的,不可思议的;不寻常的blind humans sometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path

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vision

视觉It has been given the name 'facial vision', because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face.

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tricycle

三轮车

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phantom limb (截肢后依然感到肢体存在的)幻肢(感).

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phantom ['fæntәm]幻觉；幻象

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limb

肢（腿﹑ 臂或翼）:

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Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles

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echo

回声,回响

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presence

存在

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After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection侦查,探测of submarines.

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submarine ['sʌbməri:n]

潜水艇

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adapt

使某事物适合於新的用途﹑情况等而修改，改造某事物

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feat

bat’s “radar” achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration.

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feat

技艺；功绩；业绩；英勇事迹

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navigation [i'mens]

航海, 导航

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strike sb dumb

使哑口无言

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coin

1、创造（新词语）2、铸造(货币)

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sonar

声纳.

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剑桥七—TEST1—2

MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

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entwine [inˈtwain]

1，与…密切相关（或紧密相联）2，使…盘绕,缠绕<于…>

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twine

（麻﹑棉等制成的）二股的线或细绳编织，捻,搓<线>;

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manipulate mә'nipjuleit

（熟练控制或操纵）

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As towns gradually expanded water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts

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expand

扩大, 增大,扩张

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sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd]

机器、体系等复杂巧妙的；先进的；精密的

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aqueduct ['ækwiˏdʌkt]

沟渠,水道,导水管.

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At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers , supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in industrial world today.

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innovative [ˈinəuveitiv]

革新的；创新的

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At the height of

达最高点，在最旺盛时，处在 ... 的最巅峰

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sewer [ˈsuːə(r)]

污水管,下水道,阴沟

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layout

布局,安排

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occupant [ˈɔkjʊpənt]

房屋、建筑等的）使用者，居住者

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During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically

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revolution

革命

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dramatically [drә'mætikli]

戏剧性地;引人注目地

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unprecedented [ʌnˈprɛsɪdɛntɪd]

前所未有的, 没有先例的

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Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people.

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monumental [ˏmɔnju'mentl]

重要的；意义深远的；不朽的

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monument

n.纪念碑, 历史遗迹, 不朽作品

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hydropower [ˈhaidrəupauə]

水力发电

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Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.

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soar

(物价, 失业人数等)飞涨, 猛增

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artificial

人工的, 人造的

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irrigation [ɪrɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n]

灌溉; irritation

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Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.

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turbine ['tә:bain]

涡轮

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spin

使某物快速旋转

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more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water

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access

（接近或进入某地的）方法; 通路

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drinking water

饮用水

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two and a half billion people do not have adequate sanitation services

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sanitation [sæni'teiʃәn]

卫生, 卫生设施，设备

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adequate [ˈædikwit]

足够的，充分的（足以满足要求或需求的）

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preventable [prɪˈventəb(ə)l]

可防止的,可预防的 Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day

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falling behind in

在某方面落后we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.

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jeopardize [ˈdʒepədaiz]

危害，伤害The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health.

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millions of people have been forced to move from their homes – often with little compensation to make way for the reservoirs behind dams.

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compensation [ˌkɔmpenˈseiʃən]

赔偿金

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make way for

让路

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reservoir [ˈrezəvwɑ:]

贮水池,水库,储器,

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thrive

繁荣,water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive

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degrade

降低…的品格(或质量、价值等);使丢脸Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity.

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replenish [riˈpleniʃ]

把…装满;把…再备足,补充

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millennium [mi'leniәm]

一千年, At the outset of the new millennium

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outset

开始,开端

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tenfold

十倍地in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold

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approximately [əˈprɔksimətli]

大概; 近乎Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output;

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approach

1、在空间或时间上）接近, 靠近 2、(于性质之状态、数量等方面) 接近…,将近; 近似…3,、方法，办法

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even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget

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criteria [kraiˈtiəriən]

标准

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budget [ˈbʌdʒit]

预算.

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warranted [ˈwɔrəntid]

有正当理由的，有根据的

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剑桥七—TEST1—3

EDUCATING PSYCHE

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approach [ә'prәutʃ]

方法; 手段:way of dealing with a person or thing

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One theory discussed in the book is that proposed by George Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion.

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propose

提议, 建议

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suggestion

暗示

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Lozanov's instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing are more durable than those made through conscious processing.

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instructional

教学的;教学用的

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conscious [ˈkɔnʃəs]

有意识的,

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concentration [ˌkɔnsənˈtreiʃən]

集中力,注意力,专心if we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentration

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typeface

字体,

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binding

书籍的)装订;封皮,

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mannerism ['mænәrizm]

说话方式、姿态、动作等之) 特殊习惯 [癖性],

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Even if these peripheral details are a bit elusive, they come back readily in hypnosis

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peripheral [pəˈrifərəl]

次要地，无关紧要地

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elusive [iˈlu:siv]

难以理解的,难以记起的

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elude

1、躲避，逃避2、<事物>从 <理解、记忆中> 溜走; 使<人>无法了解 [认知]

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readily

快捷地；轻而易举地；便利地

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hypnosis催眠状态

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attribute [ә'tribju:t]

1，归因于,2，被认为是某人所写。This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the common counterproductive approach to study

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counterproductive

反作用的

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induce

1.引起;导致 2.引诱;劝

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fatigue [fəˈti:g]

疲乏; 疲劳; 疲倦

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function

机器等)工作,运行.it also simply reflects the way the brain functions

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suggestopedia暗示教学法

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reserve capacity

储存能力，备用容量The curriculum then becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the reserve capacity of the brain

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variant [ˈveəriənt]

变量

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baroque巴罗克风格的baroque music

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beforehand

提前地,超前地,

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preliminary [priˈliminəri]

预备的, 初步的

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improvised [ˈimprəvaiz]

即席而作的, 即兴的

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What is distinctive in the suggestopedic method is that they are devoted entirely to assisting recall.

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distinctive [diˈstiŋktiv]

独特的；特别的；有特色的

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distinct

有区别的，不同的，

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assist

帮助, 辅助

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accessible [əkˈsesəbəl]

易接近的

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trance恍惚（被催眠的、昏厥的或心醉神迷的状态；介于沉睡和清醒之间

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Such rituals may be seen as placebos

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ritual

仪式,仪式的程序; 典礼

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placebo [pləˈsi:bəu]

安慰剂

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be dispensed with

省去(无需)Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to be effective.

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Just as a doctor calls on the full power of autocratic suggestion by insisting that the patient take precisely this white capsule precisely three times a day before meals, Lozanov is categorical in insisting that the suggestopedic session be conducted exactly in the manner designated, by trained and accredited suggestopedic teachers.

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autocratic [ɔ:təˈkrætik]

独裁的, 专制的

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capsule [ˈkæpsju:l]

n 胶囊

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categorical [ˌkætiˈgɔrikəl]

明确的,绝对的;

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accredited [əˈkredit]

鉴定合格的；达到标准的

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While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates. We can, perhaps, attribute mediocre results to an inadequate placebo effect.

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notoriety [,nәutә'raiәti]

恶名昭彰;声名狼藉

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emulate ['emjuleit]

赶超某人；模仿,

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mediocre [ˌmi:diˈəukə]

平凡的, 中等的

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associate [əˈsəuʃieit]

1、将<物、人>联想在一起 2、交往；（尤指）混在一起 3、使… 联合4,工作等之)同伴,伙伴; 同事.5, 伙伴的;共事的;合伙的.副的

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剑桥七—TEST2—1

why pagodas don’t fall down

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how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings — 500 or so wooden pagodas— remained standing for centuries

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flimsy [ˈflimzi]

脆弱的;易损坏的;轻薄的

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pagoda [pә'gәudә]

 （印度和东亚的）宝塔

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The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened s office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe

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disastrous [diˈzɑ:strəs]

毁灭性的，损失惨重的

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topple [ˈtɔpəl]

使倾覆；使倒塌

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elevate [ˈeliveit]

举起,提起

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flatten

使…成为平地

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devastate [ˈdevəsteit]

毁灭; 摧毁

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Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed though it leveled a number of buildings in the neighborhood.

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unscathed [ʌnˈskeiðd]

未受损伤; 未遭伤害

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level

夷平

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mystify [ˈmistifai]

使迷惑不解；使糊涂Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable.

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shock absorber

减震器its special shock absorbers can dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake,

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absorb [əbˈsɔ:b]

1, 吸收（某事物）; 吸进:

2、将（某物 [某人]）合并; 并吞; 同化: The larger firm absorbed the smaller one. 那大公司并吞了那小公司.

3，减轻（冲击﹑ 困难等的）作用或影响: Buffers absorbed most of the shock. 缓冲器使震动减少了许多

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dampen [ˈdæmpən]

1、使…潮湿2 使 <兴致、热诚> 受挫折b. 使<人>泄气,使…沮丧

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skyscraper [ˈskaiˌskreipə]

摩天楼

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with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright

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peg

木、金属或塑料）钉子，楔子，橛子，短桩

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wedge [wedʒ]

楔子

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upright

垂直的, 竖式的,

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the master builder sends his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky

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soar

1、<塔、山等> 耸立 2、(物价, 失业人数等)飞涨, 猛增

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majestic [məˈdʒestik]

威严的; 壮丽的; 高贵的; 宏伟的 majesty (帝王之) 威严; 高贵; 庄严

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As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples

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attach

1.贴上,系上2.使依附;使附属(+to) 3，使依恋﹑ 爱慕﹑ 留恋

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watchtower

瞭望塔

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batter

接连猛击typhoons that batter Japan in the summe

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eaves [i:vz]

屋檐 eavesdrop v 偷听；窃听

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gush [gʌʃ]

流出, 泻出, 涌出This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls.

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overhang

(屋顶、楼房)伸出部分

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porcelain [ˈpɔ:səlin]

瓷 ceramics [siˈræmiks] =porcelain+pottery [ˈpɔtəri] +earthenware

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tile

瓦, 瓷砖

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earthenware

陶器

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resilience [ri'ziliәns]

1、弹性, 2、恢复力,在逆境中调整的能力the great resilience of Japanese pagodas.

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flex

v.曲伸，活动（四肢或肌肉，尤指准备体力活动）

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sway

摇动, 摇摆

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the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load 不负重at all.

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startling [ˈstɑ:tliŋ]

使人吃惊的,惊人的 startle使（人或动物）吓一跳

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it does not rest on the ground，but is suspended from the top of the pagoda

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suspend

悬挂

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rest

躺或倚靠在某物上; 靠某物支撑

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In short the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum

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In short

简言之；总之,

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stationary

固定的; 不可移动的

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pendulum [ˈpendjuləm]

钟摆.

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What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another

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trial and error

反覆试验; 不断摸索

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stack

通常指码放整齐的）一叠，一摞，一堆

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to and fro

来回地; 往复地

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slither ['sliðə]

滑行；蛇行；爬行

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consecutive [kənˈsekjutiv]

连续的 Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance — with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below

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The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.

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constrain [kənˈstrein]

.强迫, 抑制, 拘束

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bang

砰砰)猛击,猛撞

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transmit [træns'mit]

将某事物传送﹑ 传递﹑ 传达或传染给对方

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because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above.

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taper

使）逐渐变窄

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successive

连续的,继承的

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vertical [ˈvə:tikəl]

垂直的

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pillar

柱子; 支柱.

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counterpart [ˈkauntəpɑ:t]

相对应或具有相同功能的人或物

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stack

堆积They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats.

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Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole

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tightrope walker

走钢丝表演者

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balancing pole

平衡杆.

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mass

重物The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda.

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anticipate [æn'tisipeit]

预见到，预料Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.

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剑桥七—TEST2—2

The Ture Cost of Food

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immediate

直接的That cost, however, is not in immediate cash

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The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife ,

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collateral [kəˈlætərəl]

附带的,次要的

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enervation [,enә'veiʃәn]

无活力;衰弱

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First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering — the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared.

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mechanization

机械化

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chemical fertiliser [ˈfə:tilaizə]

化学肥料

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pesticide [ˈpestisaid]

杀虫剂

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monoculture

单种栽培

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battery [ˈbætəri]

养鸡房（养鸡等用的成排鸡笼, 可使母鸡多产蛋或育肥

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battery rearing

笼养

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livestock

家畜, 牲畜（如牛羊

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intensive farming密集农业

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yield

产量；产出

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colossal [kəˈlɔsəl]

巨大的; 广大的; 庞大的the damage it has caused has been colossal

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vanish

消失In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved最喜欢的farmland birds, such as the skylark云雀, the grey partridge鹧鸪, the lapwing田凫and the corn bunting黍鹀, have vanished

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hedgerow ['hedʒrәu]

（尤指英国田边或路边的）矮树篱Thousands of miles of hedgerows thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape

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The faecal排泄物的，渣滓的 filth垃圾of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of Scotland

p

salmon [ˈsæmən]

大马哈鱼；三文鱼（具有柔嫩粉红色肉，特征是从咸水游到淡水中去产卵）

p

loch (Scot 苏格兰)湖，湾

p

Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use,

p

soil fertility [fə:ˈtiliti]

土壤肥力

p

industrial fertiliser

工业化肥

p

while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.

p

algae ['ælgi:]

藻类; 海藻

p

externality [,ekstә:'næliti]

外在性,客观性That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities

p

aesthetic [i:sˈθetik]

美学的To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic

staggering

巨大的; 惊人的But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering sums

This is equivalent to￡208 for every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate

be equivalent to [iˈkwivələnt]

等于(相当于)

arable [ˈærəbəl]

适于耕种的; 可开垦的

pasture [ˈpɑ:stʃə]

牧场

conservative estimate

保守估计.

The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates

nitrogen氮 nitric acid硝酸 nitrate硝酸盐;

phosphorus磷phosphoric acid磷酸phosphate磷酸盐

sulphur硫; 硫磺sulphuric acid硫酸. sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫(气体)

soil erosion

水土流失106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses

through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.

subsidy [ˈsʌbsidi]

补助

prop up

支持

feasible [ˈfi:zəbəl]

可行的 a feasible suggestion, scheme, 切实可行的建议﹑计划

viable= feasible

切实可行的; 可实施的a viable plan, proposition, proposal,

agrochemical [,ægrәu'kemikәl]

农业化肥

剑桥七—TEST2—3

Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project

Integrate [ˈintigreit]

使成整体, 使一体化China is integrated into the international community since reform and opening up

The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s

disappointing

令人失望的,使人沮丧的

conventional [kənˈvenʃənəl]

依照惯例的; 约定俗成的; 因循守旧的

convention

1，习俗, 惯例 2，（某一职业﹑团体或政党）的大会:

availability

利用或获得的可能性improving the availability of transport

The concept of 'integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district.

adopt

采纳，吸收

household

一家人，家庭,户

objective

目标, 目的,The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system.

obtain

获得, 得到

access

接近或进入某地的）方法; 通路

The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities

underlying

潜藏在内的,潜在性的

assumption

假定; 设想; 假说

Tanzanian [ˏtænzəˈnɪəŋ]

坦桑尼亚的Tanzanian government.

When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season.

virtually [ˈvə:tʃuəli]

事实上,实质上,实际上,几乎

isolate [ˈaisəleit]

使孤立；使隔离

rely

依靠；依赖People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.

primarily ['praimәrili]

主要地, 首先地

alternative [ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv]

选择性的, 二中择一的alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district.

alternate

轮流; 交替

grinding mills磨房

implement [ˈimplimənt]

1，履行,实行,实施2、工具;器具;用具a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.

arduous [ˈɑ:djuəs]

困难的; 费力的.the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous

wheelbarrow ['hwi:l,bærәu]手推车.

ox

牛Oxen

manufacture [ˏmænju'fæktʃә]

制造, 加工; The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households

refinement

机器,技术等的精巧的改,改良focused on the refinement and institutionalization of these activities.

institutionalization

制度化

The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout贯穿,从头到尾 the year

accompany

陪伴的，附随的

accessible

易接近的, 可到达的,

fluctuate [ˈflʌktʃueit]

波动

However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.

inhabitant [inˈhæbitənt]

住户,居民,居住者

assistance

协助

illustrate [ˈiləstreit]

(以实例、比较等) 说明,阐明 This clearly illustratesthe need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.

supplementary [ˌsʌpliˈmentəri]

补充的; 附加的

剑桥七—TEST3—1

PASSAGE 1 Ant Intelligence

spring

蹦; 跃起; 跳出When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys

But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence

kingdom

‘生物’ (动、植物分类上的) 界

suggest

使人想起,使人联想到

hint

细微的迹象; 线索

Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations

scrutiny [ˈskru:tini]

仔细检查

spark

（指品质或感情）一星，丝毫，一丁点

cognition [kɒg'niʃәn]

认识；认知；感知

repel

击退；驱逐 Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack.

Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles political slogans and martial music to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes.

auditory [ˈɔ:ditəri]

听觉的

channel

（表达的）方式，方法，手段

chant [tʃɑ:nt]

圣歌,赞美诗

jingle [ˈdʒiŋgəl]

1、吸引人又易记的）简短的韵文或歌曲（尤指广播或电视广告中的, 2、（金属撞击发出的）丁当声

martial music [ˈmɑ:ʃəl]

军乐

propagate [ˈprɔpəgeit]

传播；宣传

political slogan

政治口号

embarrassment [imˈbærəsmənt]

窘迫；为难.Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment

They farm fungi, raise aphids蚜虫 as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly.

farm

在农场饲养（动物）:

fungi ['fʌŋgaɪ]

菌类（fungus的复数）

spray

喷剂

confuse

使糊涂

be engaged in

从事, 参加

in ants there is no cultural transmission — everything must be encoded in the genes — whereas in humans the opposite is true.

encode

编码, 译码

whereas

然而，但是

opposite [ˈɔpəzɪt]

对面的, 对立的, 相反的

Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up.

instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt]

本能

newborn

刚出生的,新生的

continuity [ˌkɔntiˈnju:iti]

连续性It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants.

Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness

herd

1，兽群; 牧群 2、牧放（兽群）

craft

手艺；工艺

agribusiness

农业综合企业.

The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.

sustainable [sә'steinәbl]

可持续的

adaptable

（对新的环境）有适应能力的

cellulose ['seljulәus]

纤维素Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves — but some fungi can.

The ants cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.

cultivate [ˈkʌltiveit]

培养, 耕作

feed on

吃

secrete [si'kri:t]  

分泌

antibiotic [ˌæntibaiˈɔtik]

抗菌素

fertilise

使（土地等）肥沃, 多产

It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so。

propagate [ˈprɔpəgeit]

1，遗传（特征等）2、传播;使普及

Not so

远不及, 完全不

Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species.

screen

筛查；检查

domesticate [dəˈmestikeit]

1、驯养，驯化（动物）2、使本土化

genetically

基因的; 遗传学的

DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring ant colonies.

modify [ˈmɔdifai]

更改, 修改

swap [swɔp]

交换

strain

动植物的品种

prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles — the forcing house of intelligence。— the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years,

forcing house

温室, 温床

settings

(大自然的) 环境,背景

close on

几乎；接近；差不多

When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans.

survey

俯视,眺望,环视

amazed

惊异的

accomplished [əˈkʌmpliʃt]

完成,达成

This 'megalopolis' was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.

megalopolis [,megә'lɒpәlis]

巨大都市

territory ['teritәri]

领土, 版图, 地域

We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years.

hail as

热情地承认某人 [某事物]为.

cave painting

洞穴壁画

albeit

虽然(即使)Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?

when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads.

forage

四处搜寻 [食物等]

bearing

方位,方向;方向感

consult

查阅 <参考书、字典等>They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.

Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams.

scout

侦查兵

maze

迷宫

mobilise

动员

Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues.

elaborate [i'læbәreit]

详尽而复杂的; 精心制作

precaution [priˈkɔ:ʃən]

预防措施

Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left- right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance' message.

sequence [ˈsi:kwəns]

序列, 顺序

During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals

exhaustive

详尽的; 彻底的

attached

依恋；爱慕

Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company陪伴; 与他人在一起of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives’

剑桥七—TEST3—2

Population movements and genetics.

A Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence

distribution [ˌdistriˈbju:ʃən]

1,分发;分配2.散布,分布

archaeological [,ɑ:kiә'lɒdʒikl]

考古学的

fossil [ˈfɔsəl]

化石的

clue

The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues线索; 端倪 to be found in genetic material.

North-East Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonizers of the New World

Siberia [saiˈbiəriə]

西伯利亚

colonizer

殖民地开拓者, 殖民者

was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several?

migration [maiˈgreiʃən]

迁移,移居,迁徙

Bering Strait [ˈberiŋ]

白令海峡

An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein— Immunoglobin G found in the fluid portion of human blood

anthropologist [ænθrəˈpɔlədʒist]

人类学家anthropology

高频学科词汇

meteorology [,mi:tiә'rɒlәdʒi]气象学astrology[ә'strɒlәdʒi]占星术mythology [mi'θɒlәdʒi]神话学zoology [zәu'ɒlәdʒi]动物学psychology[sai'kɒlәdʒi]心理学physiology [,fizi'ɒlәdʒi]生理学archeology[ˌɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi]考古学ecology[i:'kɒlәdʒi]生态学theolog [θi'ɒlәdʒi]y神学sociology [,sәusi'ɒlәdʒi]社会学geology[dʒi'ɒlәdʒi]地质学biology [bai'ɒlәdʒi]生物学chronology [krә'nɔlәdʒi]年代学etymology [ˏeti'mɔlәdʒi]词源学

variant ['vєәriәnt]

变量

fluid

液体

protein [ˈprəuti:n]

蛋白质

interbreeding

杂种繁殖All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an human population will share a set of such variants.

by comparing the Gm allotypes同种异型 of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.

tribe

部落, 部族

calibrate [ˈkælibreit]

1、测定口径 2、使标准化,校准

correspond [ˌkɔriˈspɔnd]

一致,符合,调和their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of South American Indians

Eskimo爱斯基摩人又称因努伊特人(Inuit)。与阿留申人的族源关系最近，两者共同构成北极地区及亚北极地区土著居民之主要成分，其范围自格陵兰、阿拉斯加、加拿大以至西伯利亚最东端

Aleut阿留申族(居住阿留申群岛与阿拉斯加之土著)

Maya马雅人，中美洲印第安人的族群，公元250～900年间创造出西半球最伟大的文明之一

aboriginal [æbəˈridʒənəl]

adj 土著的，原来的；n 土著居民

deduce

推论From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait.

ancestral [ænˈsestrəl]

祖先的; 祖传的

all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo古,旧,原始-Indian) population.

be descended from

是…的后裔

tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors.

crown

牙冠

root

牙根

component [kəmˈpəunənt]

成分；零件

minimally ˈmɪnɪməl

最低限度地

the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars.

prehistoric

a. 历史以前的, 史前的

shovel [ˈʃʌvəl]

铲子；铁锨

canine ['keinain]

犬齿

incisor [inˈsaizə]

门牙; 前齿

molar [ˈməulə]

臼齿（用作研磨食物的牙齿）

premolar

小臼齿

trait[treit]

个性; 显着的特点

scooping

铲状工具, 铲子, 勺.

premolar

小臼齿

molar

臼齿

ties in with

According to Turner, this ties in with有联系the idea of a single Paleo-Indian migration out of North Asia,

The linguist Joseph Greenberg has argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations

linguist [ˈliŋgwist]

语言学家

Amerind印第安人或爱斯基摩人American Indian

credence [ˈkri:dəns]

信任；相信

Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians

notion['nәuʃәn]

观念, 想法, 信念

account for

解释；说明…的原因

there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong for Greenberg's view.

dental [ˈdentl]

牙齿的

backing

拥护,支援,支持

剑桥七—TEST3—4

Plans to protect the forests fo the Europe

heritage [ˈheritidʒ]

Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage遗产.

imbalances

不平衡；不均衡

European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage.

concerned

关心

frontier [ˈfrʌntiə]

国界; 边界

other than

不同于

geography [dʒiˈɔgrəfi]

1，某地区的地形, 地势 2，地理学, 地理

deterioration[di,tiәriә'reiʃәn]

恶化,降低; 退步

mismanagemen

管理不善; 处置失当

woodland

林地

The topics discussed included how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem

combat

抗争，斗争

ecosystem ['i:kәu,sistәm]

生态系统

Those confined to a particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded

confine

局限于

border

毗邻, 接界

Mediterranean[meditəˈreiniən]

地中海

discard

抛弃,遗弃

Nordic ['nɒ:dik]

北欧日耳曼民族的；北欧人的，斯堪的纳维亚国家的.

European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational.

perform

执行

triple

三重的; 三方的

recreational

娱乐的

by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant.

photosynthesis [ˌfəutəuˈsinθəsis]

光合作用

oxygen [ˈɔksidʒən]

氧气

solar energy

太阳能

forests offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking

condemn [kənˈdem]

1，使人无奈接受，使某人接受不好的某事物;2，责难，谴责

unrivalled [ʌnˈraɪv(ə)ld]

无双的,无与伦比的

hiking

远足,徒步旅行.

dawn

开始; 开端The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man

The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years

effectively

实际上,事实上

primary forest

[经] 原始森林primary 1，原始的，初期的, 初级的, 2 主要的,根本的,基本的

artificial [ˌɑ:tiˈfiʃəl]

人工的

a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence, in policy.

transcend [trænˈsend]

超越，超出

allow for

考虑到

hence

因此

Strasbourg斯特拉斯堡，法国东部城市，位于法、德边界上。1979年开始，欧盟、北约会议大多都在这里举行。

A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.

coherent

一致的,协调的

unforeseen

未预见到的; 意料之外的

That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy- making. The first proposes the extension and systematization of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline

resolution [ˌrezəˈlu:ʃən]

1、(会议等的)正式决定,决议2、决心;决定 3、解决;解答

surveillance [sә:'veilәns]

监视, 监督

The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants空气污染物the principal culprits Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched。However, their effects are probably accentuated by soil imbalances such as soil acidification

cumulative effect [ˈkju:mjulətiv]

累积的

culprit [ˈkʌlprit]

犯人,罪犯，罪魁祸首

compound [kəmˈpaund]

化合物

accentuate [əkˈsentʃueit]

1， 强调:突出（某事物）; 2，以重音读出

acidification [ә,sidifi'keiʃәn]

酸化

剑桥七—TEST4—1

Pulling strings to build pyramids

sledge

雪橇tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges But there is no evidence to back this up支持

While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures姿势

hieroglyphˈhaɪərəɡlɪf图画文字

peruse [pəˈru:z]

细读…,精读

monument [ˈmɔnjumənt]

遗迹；有历史价值的建筑物

Intrigued好奇的Clemmons contacted Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea

Intrigue [inˈtri:g]

1、密谋 [耍阴谋] [对付…] [with] [against]~ with A against B

2、激起某人的兴趣或好奇

aeronautics [ˌeərəuˈnɔ:tiks]

航空学; 航空术

fascinate [ˈfæsineit]

迷住, 使神魂颠倒

Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical垂直的, using no source of energy except the win

column [ˈkɔləm]

圆柱

horizontal [hɔrɪˈzɔnt(ə)l]

水平的

wind-tunnel

风洞

Even a modest force, if sustained, over a long time, would lift the 33.5-tonne column

modest

（数量﹑ 体积等）不大的, 适度的, 中等的

sustain

支撑,支持

The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force

pulley [ˈpuli]

滑轮

magnify [ˈmægnifai]

放大

they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column ，with pulleys suspended from the scaffold's apex

rig

1、装配 2、（以欺诈手段）操纵或控制（某事物）