1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：
The car is running fast.(名词
We are students.(代词)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)
It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)
Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。There be 句子结构中的主语为be动词后的名称短语。如：There is a book on the desk. 主语为a book.
2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与动词原形构成合成谓语, 助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：
He works in a factory.(实义动词)
I felt cold.(系动词＋表语)
How can I get to the station？(情态动词＋实义动词)
Do you speak English？(助动词＋实义动词)
They are working in a field.(助动词＋实义动词)
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：
He is doing his homework.(名词)
They did nothing this morning.(代词)
She wants to go home.(不定式)
We enjoy playing football.(动名词)
【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave，show, send等。如：
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾＋直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for如：
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾＋间宾)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾＋间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care，refuse，offer，manage，pretend, expect等。find 常用it作形式宾语 find it adj to do sth如：want to do sth 作宾语
I hope to see you again.
I found it difficult to learn English well.
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practice，miss， suggest，keep(on), feel like, give up, put off, can’t help, can’t stand, be busy 等。
如：mind doing sth 作宾语 Do you mind my opening the window？
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。其反义词remember 用法一样，to do表示“未做”； doing表示“做了” 如：
Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：
I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)
c)try doing sth 意为“尝试着做某事”。 try to do sth. 意为“尽力做某事”如：
---We can go to Jinan Railway Station by bus.
---Why not try walking there for a change?
We should try to protect the environment.
4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：
What a beautiful kite it is！(形容词)
She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)
【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。
5.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。 如： Thank you very much.(副词)
I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)
He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)
We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)
【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：
He is old enough to go to school.
6.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：
They are workers.(名词)
Two and three is five.(数词)
The story is very interesting.(形容词)
M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)
She is at home.(介词短语)
I feel terrible.(形容词)
The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，teach， ask， order， wish，invite, allow , encourage, require, 等其后常用不定式短语作宾语补足语。tell sb to do sth.“宾语补足语”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当，且一般情况下与宾语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。make sb adj/n/pron. make sb do sth 划线部分均为宾语补足语。help 后的宾语补足语既可以带to也可以省略to . help sb (to) do sth.使役动词make, let, have及感官动词see, listen, hear, watch 后宾语补足语在主动语态中常用省to的不定式短语。被动语态中则需加上to。如：I saw my cousin move the table.(主动语态) My cousin was seen to move the table.(被动)
感官动词及keep, find 也常跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语。感官动词后面用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；如果跟省去to的不定式作宾语补足语，则表示动作的全过程。如： I saw them playing soccer when I walked past.当我经过的时候看见他们在踢足球。（正在进行）I often see them play soccer in the school.在学校里我经常看他们踢足球。（全过程）其他宾语补足语如：We elected him monitor.(名词)
I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)
The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)
He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)
They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)
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