英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总

发布时间:2020-07-16 17:00:09   来源:文档文库   
字号:

大学英语四级语法精要

一、动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等

(一)时态

1、主动形式

过去

现在

将来

过去将来

一般

did

do

will/shall do

sould/would d

进行

waswere doing

am/is/are doing

will/shall be don

/

完成

had one

hve/as done

will/shal hav done

shoud/old hv dn用于虚拟语气

完成进行

ha ee ding

haeha bee doing

/

/

2、被动形式 

过去

现在

将来

过去将来

一般

wa/wr givn

am/isare gvn

Wil / hall be gven

houd/would be givn

进行

was/were beng given

am/i/are being given

/

完成

was/wre ein gven

am/isare being give

/

完成进行

/

/

· CET-4 常考得三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在过去)完成进行时。

· 时间状语从句当中得时态:

  一般过去时  所有得过去

一般现在时  表示 现在与将来

现在完成时      现在完成与将来完成

3、现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + —ing 分词构成) 动作或状态从过去某时开始继续到现在可能继续下去也可能刚刚结束

· ’v been writig lettes for an hour   I've been sitting in the grden

4、过去完成进行时(had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作

· We had been waiin for her fr two hours by the time she came

5、将来完成进行时 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作

· By nx ummer, he will hve ben workig here or twent yars、

6、将来完成时shall/il have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生得事

· I shall hae inished his one befoe lunch

They’ll ave hit the yar' target by the en of ctober、

(二)语态

1、可以有两种被动结构得类型例如

· He ws said to b jealou of her succes、  

It ws said that he was jealou of her sucess、

· 能同时适用于上述两个句型得主动词通常都就是表示估计"相信"等意义得动词,常见得有:assue,beliveexpect,fear,eel,no,resume,reportsy,suppos,undrstand等。

· t i upposed tat the shi ha been sunk    The shp s sppoed to have been sunk

2、担当e supposd to 与不定式得一般形式搭配时往往表示不同得意义.

· Why are you driving so fast n ti aea? You are suppsed t know th seed o know the speed limit (应该晓得速度限制

3、双宾语及宾补结构得被动语态

1)双宾语结构得被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时可以把主动结构中得一个宾语变为主语另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面但多数就是把间接宾语变为主语.

· He wa ased nuber o qusios at the pres confernce

Two dys were llowed them for aing the necessary reparatins

2) 宾补结构得被动语态

· She as calld Big ister b vryboy

4、短语动词

1)Vi + dvThe plne too f two hours ate、

Vi prepThey loed round the Cathedral

)Vi、 + prep、 (有被动语态):Sh’s loig afte her ister's children

4)Vi、 + adv prep:I began to lok forwar to their visits

5Vt、 + O + adv:Some wome hoose to stay at home and brig p thir cidren、

Te cildren were rough p by thir mthr

6) Vt + adv + 无被动语态I am ryig t ive up smokig

7Vt、 O + prep、:e talked Donald nto agreement

(三)省略

、在以a, thn, wen, i, unless等引导得从句中得省略 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be主语又与主句得主语一致a),或者主语就是it b),就常常可以把从句中得主语与谓语得一部分(特别就是动词be)省略掉

1Look out for cars whn crossng the sreet

Whe takn accordig o the directons th rug ha no side effects、

If no ell manged, irigatin ca be harful、

 Though redcd in numbers, the gained in fighting caacity、

He aid that n acrobat could ever perform hose aring eats uness tained very young

  Oce having mde a promise, you should eep it、

2If necesay I’l have te letter dupliated

As chedued, they mt o January 20 at he Cinese Embassy

2、在以than a) s b) 引起得从句中常会有一些成分省略

1He told m not to se more ateral than (it i) ncesary、

We sould think or of the collecive than of ourseles

2)They worked with as muh ethsias s youg people (id)、

He is now vic-managr, but stll ften work in the kitcen as before

Their tainig i fee s i l edction、

We will, as alwys, stand on our side、

3、错误得省略

1His life i as uly mite to books as nyone I know、

2)Wile staning her in hr nghtgown, two ullet struck the wall beside her

(四)一致

1、主谓一致(与插入语无关) 

1)主谓得分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略得定语从句分隔.  

2)定语从句中得主谓一致

3)随前一致: 

n  toether wihas ell asncludnalong withwith  facanied with / by  

)就近原则

)如果主语表示得就是同一个概念,同一人,同一事得时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构得特征就是nd连接           得两个词只有一个冠词。

· he iron and stee industry i ery imortant to ou country、

· The head master and mthematical eacher is ing

· The head aster ad the mahmaial teacer are ig

· 类似得还有:aw and oderbread andbutter lack an white;To love and to e loved is …;A layer an a teache r lwer and tacher is …

)随后原则:no A but B  ot ony A but als B+v、(B一致 

7)百分比结构moshalfrest,sme,majort,one + persentof+n1v(由1决定)

)倒装结构得主谓一致:  

· Tee be + 由名词决定动词 

· Amon betwen等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:Amn  Betwen …系动词+n (由名词决定动词) 

9he + adj得主谓一致: 

· 当表示一类人” 

· 当表示某一抽象概念时。例:The goo is alway attractive 

0) o/dong/主从+vs 例:More than one + nmany  +n、day or two  

、如果主语就是单数,尽管后面跟有ith, ogether ith as well as s much as, o less than, mor than等引导得短语谓语动词仍旧用单数形式

· Trry, along wth her frind goe kating evry Satrday、

An epet ogther ith soe sssant, was sent to help in this ok

he cptain, as well s the coache, was disappoined in the team

3、代词作主语时一致

1)each either, neither与由some, any, o, evry构成得复合代词,作单数瞧待

· Eah of us ha something to say   Is evrybody ready?  Somebdy is uing he phone

2) some, few both may 等作复数

3) soe 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一。one作复数瞧待时较多,但也有时作单数瞧待,主要瞧说话人脑中联系想到得就是复数还就是单数概念 none 在代表不可数得东西时总就是瞧作单数

· Noe f the ooks are eay eough fr us、 one of us seem to ave thougt of it

None ( nooy has el it more keenly thn she did、   Non o thi orres me

4all most 可后接复数也可接不可数名词 (all of the…, mst of the , 动词用单数

4、由and boh… ad 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; not only…bu (also), either…r, neither…or or 连接得并列主语, 谓语通常与最邻近得主语一致

1)Nt ony te switchs but also he old wiig has bee chaged、

y sitr or my brother is likely o be at hoe

Nether my wife nor I mysl am abe to ersuae my daugher o chag her mind、

)如果一个句子就是由there here引导, 而主语又不止一个 谓语通常也与最邻近得那个主语一致

· Thr as carved n te board a dragon and pheix、

er i a pen a e nvlopes and some papr for you、

people polce, cattle, poulty (家禽) miltia 民兵 等通常都用作复数

1)Cattle are razig on the pasture、

The police ae loking fo him

2)有些集体名词有时作单数瞧待 有时作复数瞧待, 主要根据意思来决定

· His faily isn't vey large

Th mitte met tic a month、

Th uiene was enormous、

The audiene were greatl movd at the words

3)有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词得数:

· This new seis is bgining nxt month

Thes nw series are begnnng nxt mnth

This spece is now extnct、

These pcis are now extinct

6、表示时间, 重量 长度 价值等得名词 尽管仍就是复数形式 如果作整体瞧待, 动词也可用单数形式 (用复数动词也就是可以得):

· Three wees was alwd for main the eesary preparations

Oe hunred i ws covred in a sigle niht、

7、其她问题

1)书名, 国家名用单数

· Tales fom Sakespeae is a book by Charles Lamb、

2) 学科名, mathematcs conoic用单数

3) may mor ha one 所修饰得词作主语时 谓语动词多用单数形式

· May person hs had tha kid of xerience

Mre than n perso as invlve in th case

a numbr of 后接复数 he nmer o后接单数:

· A number of ook ave bee published on the sbject

Te nuber f books publsed on te subject s smply amazig

)on of toe 后用单数 “one of + 复数名词 +关系分句结构中,关系分句中谓语动词得单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一就是根据先行词采用复数形式:

· oan is oe of thoe pople who go out of thei ay to b helful

)当on 之前与te oly 等限定词与修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定,即采用单数形式:

· He s the only ne of thse boys who is willing to take n another asignment

二、非谓语动词

(一)不定式

1、形式

主动形式

被动形式

一般式

to do

to e done

完成式

o have don

to hav been one

进行式

o b oig

完成进行式

to ae been doing

1) 完成式: 不定式得一般形式所表示得动作 通常与主要谓语表示得动作状态同时或几乎同时)发生 或就是在它之后发生 假如不定式所表示得动作, 在谓语所表示得动作状态之前发生, 就要用不定式得完成式

· I a la o hve sen your moher (= I am gla have seen your mother)

(比较: I am glad to see you)

He is said to have written a new book about workes

He prtended nt to hve seen me

2) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示得动作(状态发生时 不定式表示得动作正在进行 这时要用不定式得进行式

· ou are not spposed to be wrking、 You haven’t qite ecovere yet

We ddn't exect you to be waiting fo us here

H pretended to be listening tentively、

3) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示得时间之前一直进行得动作, 就要用不定式得完成进行式

· The struggle was knwn o hve been going for twent yars

e ar hapy to hve ben wring with you

4) 被动式: 当不定式得逻辑上得主语就是不定式所表示得动作得承受者时 不定式一般要用被动形式

· It is a honor for e to be askd o speak hee  She haed to be flatteed

He wante the ltter o be tyed at one    This i ound to e found out

There are a lo of things to be done、     She was too youg to be assigned uch work、

2、不定式得常考形式:

)一般形式:He eided t wr hardr in orer to cath up wit the oters

被动形式 He prefrred to be assigned soe heave work to do、

 语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)完成形式:H pretended o to have seen me、

被动形式:The book is said to hae been translated ito mny languags    

语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前

3、不定式常考得考点:

)不定式做定语-——-将要发生

2)不定式做状语—--—目得

3)不定式充当名词功能-—-o see is o belee

4、不定式得省略

1)感官动词 se, watch, obseve notice, lo a, hear, lsten to, smell, tse, feel d 表示动作得完整性,真实性;+ doing 表示动作得连续性,进行性

  saw him work in the arden yestrday昨天我瞧见她在花园里干活了。(强调我瞧见了这个事实

 I sw him working in the gaden yeserday、昨天我见她正在花园里干活。(强调动作)

2)感官动词后面接形容词而不就是副词:The cke tstes good It fes fortable

3)使役动词:ave bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

'd like to hav Jon o it、    I have my packge weghed

4)helphlp sb do;hlp sb to dohel do  help to do

5、有些动词后只跟不定式如:

wat,wishopeanage,romise,refuepreendplan, offer,decideage,execalow sb t d,cause sb to oprit b t doenabe sb、 to ofore sb、 t d,be mor ikely to doove to dowarn sb、 to do,be able to o,be ambtiu t dbein t do,star t do

6、有得时候to后面要接—in形式

ccustom (oneself) toe acusoed oace up to,in addition to,look forward t object to, be reduced to, rsign oneself t, be esigned o rsrt to, sn to e usd t, be altrnative to, b cose/lseness o b edication/deicated to e oppositinoposd to be similarity/smilar to

7、功用 不定式可以作主语 a, 宾语 b), 表语 (c), 定语 d 或就是状语 e)、

a To scod her wuld nt be ust

b W r lanning to uid a reervir ere

c、 On of our main tasks ow is t mechanize agriulure

d、 o ou have aything o declare?

e、 We ave e o lean from you

1to 得不定式: 

· 动词+ 宾语+不定式结构中 如果动词就是表示感觉意义得se, her wath smll feel, notice 或就是表示致使意义得 hae, make, le, 其后得不定式结构不带to

Jon made her el him vrything

· 这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面得不带to 得不定式一般还原为带to 得不定式

She was made to tell him everything、

· ad better ha best, would rather, ould soone, would ust as soon iht just a well, anot but 等搭配之后 动词不定式也不带to。如I’d rather o have ggs and bacon for breakast Thy cnno ut accept his erm

· mke do make eive, le drop, let fall, let fly, let lip, let rie, let go of, lt there be er say hear tel, lav go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to得动词不定式

John le l a torrnt of ause at me、

· 在动词help(ep +宾语之后可用不带to得不定式, 也可用带o得不定式

Can I hep (to) lift thi hevy box?

· 在介词exept but 之后 如果其前有动词do得某种形式 不定式一般不带to 反之带to

Ter is nothing to do xcept ait ill it stops ranng

Smith wll o anthing ut work on a fam

Ther's no choce but o wat till it stops raining、

· 连词 rathr ta, sooner thn 置于句首时 其后得不定式不带to

ather than puh he boo back as h ante to do, h frce hmself o pick i up

· 出现在句中其她位置时 其后得不定式有时带to, 有时不带to、

He decided to write rthe than telephoe

The manger believes t i mporant to invest in new machier rthe tha o increase wages

· 用作补语得动词不定式, 如果主语就是由“all + 关系分句",“tin +关系分句“what分句hig +不定式结构"等构成,并带有d得某种形式,这时,作为主语补语得不定式可以省o,也可以不省

What he ill do is (to) soil the hole thing、

The onl thing I can do no is go o by myself、

he tig to do nw is lar up thi ess

2) 不定式得其她用法

· to…to 结构通常表示否定意义

he was too youg t understad ll that

· enoug…to结构则表示肯定意义

She was ot old enoug t undrstnd all tat、

· nt too but too all to onl too等与不定式连用时不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He’s oly too pleased to ep er

· o…as (to这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Be so knd s to drop in some time whe yu re free、

3) 如果要说明不定就是表示得动作就是谁做得, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起得短语

· It is not had for oe o o a bt of good

I is a great hnor for us o be preset at this rally

4)在以某些形容词( id, goo, nice, wise unwse, cleer, silly wrong, rght, ooih stupd careles onsderate rude, naughty, impolite)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起得短语, 来说明不定式指得就是谁得情况

· It’s kind of you to tin s mch of s

It's very nie f yu t be s onsierate

It's uwise o thm t turn dow the propoal

(二)need/ant 后得—ig形式具有被动得意思.其中,ant不太常用.

如:He needs (a lot o) encouraging

(三)动名词:具有动作性特征得名词(就是名词:seing is belieig;具有动词性特征可以带宾语  starving roops is necessary

1、动名词得形式:

一般形式:I don’t like you smoking、  

完成形式:I regret ot havin tken yor adie

被动形式:This question is ar from being ettled、

2、动名词常考得点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词与不定式中做为介词得宾语就是动名词

3)动名词得否定直接在其前加否定词通过代词得宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语

I would aprcite_______ back thi afernoon.

Aou to cll B.yo cll   Cyu callig  Dou’e callig(KeyC you calling 也对)

I reget not havig ae or avice

)有些词后只能接动名词

amit,appreciate,avoid,elebrateonide,contemplateefer,elayey,deest disconiue,dislikeisputeejoyit etil,escaeexcuseexlin,fancy,fel lik finishfriecan't hlphneriagiei inolves,ep,it meansmention,mind, misi ncsiate,pardon,pstpone,practie,prventrcll,reortreenresist rik,suges,unersand另还有一些接-in形式得常用说法:it's no goodit's no/ittle/hardl any/ us,it nt/hadly/scacly use,it's worthwhilesped mney/tme,ther's nthere’s o point inhee’s nothing wore thanwhat's the use/pint

5)有些词后加不定式与动名词均可

· remember forge, try, stp, go on, cease mea后面用不定式与-ing形式,意义截然不容。

I reembeed o post the letes 指未来过去未来得动作

remmberd postig/having posting te letters 我记得这个动作

· forotremembr得用法类似。

I regret to iform you that… 我很遗憾地通知您

I rgrttd havng let he firm after weny years、 为了二十年前得离开而遗憾.

· ty to 努力 You realy must ry to ovee you shynss、

· try –ing 试验 Try practiing five hurs a day、

I men to go, but my ather would ot allow me to 打算、想我想去,但我父亲不让我去。

T aise wage eans increasing urchsing poer、 [意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力.

· prefer得用法:

I prefer to wait hre、 (所以啊,您不介意得话,我就等下去。)

pefer waitin ere(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做.)   

I prefr swiming to cycing (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)

3、分词:现在分词主动进行过去分词被动状态

1)现在分词得形式

· 一般式: D you see the man talking to the dean(主任)    (与谓语动词同步发生

· 完成形式:Not having made adquate prepaations, the aild 发生谓语动词之前

· 完成被动形式:Having ben adapted, the sript eems perfect、  (发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

2)过去分词

· 过去分词表示被动:Fight no attle unprpared

· 过去分词得进行形式:You'll fn the opic big discussd veryhere、 (强调正在被做)

· 这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰得成分就是这些非谓语动词得逻辑主语。她们之间得一致关系-—主动还就是被动,往往就就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意得就是分词与她前面得逻辑主语之间得主动被动得关系.

(四)Ving形式现在分词及动名词

、形式

)完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表得动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生 通常用动名词得完成形式

· He did't mention hvng met me、

I regret not having tken hr avice

· 在某些动词后或成语中), 常用动名词得一般形式 尽管动作就是在谓语所表示得动作之前发生得

xcuse me or ng late

dn't rmembe vr seeing im anywhere

· 现在分词得完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生

Hvin ben here many imes, he ofred to be ur gide

aving found the caus, thy wee able to propose a remedy

· 另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词得完成形式

The uests havig left they reue hir discussion、

The children, having atin thir fll wee allwed t leave the tble、

2) 被动式 当一个动名词逻辑上得主语所表示得就是这动作得对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式

· Hi being neglected by the ot added to hi uneasiness

He couldn' bear being made fu of like tht

· 但要注意 wat, need, eseve equire 等动词后, 尽管表示得就是被动得意思, 却用动名词得主动形式My pen needs filling The poit deseves mentionig

· orth这个形容词后情形也就是这样

Her ethod is worth trying

· 现在分词得被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中

This i n o the exerient being carried on in our aboratory、

Being aske t gie a performane, she couldn’t very wel refuse、

Thee are sold at reduced prics, he defects alway beig pinted out to the cstomrs

3)完成被动式: 如果表示得动作在谓语表示得动作之前发生 有时需要用动名词得完成被动式

don’t remember having ever ben gven chac to try this mthd

· 但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式 而用一般被动形式代替 以免句子显得累赘

· 现在分词得完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中

Havin been givn such a good chance ow could she let t slip away?

Te decsion havig en made the nxt problem wa how to make a good pln

All the positios avng ben written and colectd, the teache sent the studens home

2、句法功用

1)作主语:Walkng is good xerise t’s nice talkig to ou

2)作宾语Your shos need polshng o mustn’t delay eding he tracors over

3)作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用得时候最多 它常可以用在某些成语后面 常见得: inist on, erist in, thn of, dream f, object to suspect…o, acuse…of chrge…with ea of approv of, rvet…rom, keep…fom, sop…from refran frm, be engaged in, look frward to, pposed to, depend o, han…for, fel ike, excse…for, aim at, devoe…o set about, spend…in, gt (b) use to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid f, be tired of, be sick of, succed n e nterested in, feel (be ashamd of, be proud of e kee n, be responsile for、

)作表语: The ral prolem is getig to knw the neds of the pole

· 动名词与不定式都可以作主语或表语 一般说来 在表示抽象得一般得行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别就是将来得动作时, 多用不定式

5)作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear ntice, wath feel find keep, et have等动词后作宾语补足语 Te words immedatel set u ll aughing、  Once we augh him dozin off n class、

· se, hear fee, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语 用现在分词时 表示动作正在发生 用不定式时表示动作发生了

Do you hear someone nockng t te door es, I dd、 I herd him knock thee times、

6)作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行得另一动作, 来对谓语表示得主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬、I rn out f the hose souing  I got hom, feeling very tired

· 现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因 相当于一个表示原因得状语从句

Not knwig er adess, e ould’t et in touch with hr

eeing nbody at hm, he decded o leave he note

aving lrady see th film twce, sh id't want to go to the cnma、

· 现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于wen引起得从句:

Seing tos pictures he could' help thinkng of those memorable das they sen ogeter、

· 如果两个动作就是完全同时发生得, 多用when hil加分词这种结构

Be caeful when rosing th stet

he leavin the airport thy waved aain an again t s

She go o kow the while attending a confernce in eijing

7) 前面带有代词或名词得动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词或名词得所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上得主语

· Their ing to hep was a great encouragement to us

Do you mind my reading your pae?

They insiste on my stayng thre for supper

· 如果不就是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词得普通格或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然

I on’t mind him going

he hates people losin their temper、

8) 只能用动名词作宾语得动词 suggst, fnish, avoid, sop, cn’t hep, mind, amit, njy, leve off, require, postpone, put of delay, pactice, facy, excuse, pardon, avise onsier, deny, endure, scape, miss

9) 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语得动词 love like, hate, dislike, begi, trt continue ited, attemp, can’t bear pooe, want, need, remembr, forget, regret, egect, try, desev, can’ afrd

· 有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同得意思 remmber, regret, want, try等词后差别就是比较明显得

I rmember seeing her once somewhere  

regret no having accepted your dice

I regret to say I aen’ iven you enouh help、

We mst ty to get vrytig done in time

10)悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示得必须就是主语得一个动作或状态

·  Wlkig trough te ark, we sa a lot of flowes (alking就是we得动作 正确

Stnding on the tower, e could e th whole city (正确)

三、分词

(一)意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义与完成意义; 而现在分词有得来自及物动词 有得来自不及物动词 通常带有主动意义与未完成意义

1froe foda freezing wind;a ored tavlera borin jouney; lst caus;a losing attlea onquee amy;a onquerin rma finshd articlthe at fiising touch;the spoken or ;a spaking bird;a losd shothe closing houa ecorded talk a recording machine

、来自不及物动词得过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用得仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义 不表示被动意义the risen su, falen leaves, aded/withered flowers, returnd tudets, retied workrs depated friens esaped rsonrs, the vanished jwels, newly—rie vsitors

、用作后置修饰语得过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其她成分 在意义上相当于关系分句

Most of the people ivied t the recpion wee old freds

(二)句法作用

1、作定语: disinuished gust 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, amed orces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled aer开水, steamed bread馒头, tricken area灾区

· 分词还可构成合成词作定语: siml-urished rom陈设简单得房间, clear-cut answer明确得答复, highly—dveoed ndustr高度发展得工业 herfelt thanks衷心得感谢 an-made gods手工制品 man-made saellte人造卫星

2、 作补足语 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语得动词有

1)see, hear, feel, find think等表示感觉与心理状态得动词

I sw the student asembled n the hall、   We found her gretly chaned

2mke, get, have kee等表示"致使意义得动词:

ae my ar ct every ten days   She go her bad toth pulled out

Peae keep u infomed of te latest deeopents、

)lie, want wsh ordr等表示希望 要求, 命令等意义得动词:

I do't wnt any o yo (to be involve in the scandl

He wn’ like such questions (to e disussed at he meting

3、过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生得背景或情况

1)ude by ths pincipls te ent on with the ok

Deighed with hr work, tey made her the gneral maager、

2)过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因得状语从句

Ifluence by is eample, they perormed contles good deeds

3)有时也可说明动作发生得时间 相当于一个表示时间得状语从句

This method tried i ares ner hngai, resulte in a marked rise i total produton、

4)间或也可表示一个假设得情况, 相当于一个条件从句

Gien loser nalyss we can see thi s ttaly wrong

5)偶尔也可用来代替一个让步状语从句

Picked 20 years a yar, it grows ired ony afer 40 r 50 yers

、独立结构

)在用分词短语作状语时 它逻辑上得主语一般必须与句子得主语一 但有时它也可以有自己独立得逻辑上得主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随得动作或情况

e ruhed into the rom, hi fae covered ith sweat

2)有时可以表示时间 ate that autmn, hs ok finished, e prepare to return t his ntiute

3)表示原因: Her ees dmmed with tears, she dd not see hi nter、

4)条件: Al thns onsidered her paper is of rater value thn yours、

四、虚拟语气

(一)情态动词所表达得可能性程度:ms/cat  shoud/shouldt  mghtmay not

另外两个"类情态词得形式:"neednedn't have t/don’t have to

1、 最自然得虚拟状态:由shoudwould+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)

2、本质上就是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行.这时"虚拟语气"得产生往往就是因为我们要表达"本来应该…”(而现在却还没有(本来可以,本来能)

I shoul o (… bu I'm still hre!) (一般)

I should e wrking now! (进行

I hould have pactied more (tha I did)!(完成

我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多.)

I shouldn't drem awy my time oo mch(完成得否定

actually I dd dream away my tie too much!

It houldn't hae been leaking for such a lng time! (完成进行)

I may/might/could ave finshed! (完成)

3、一些常见得句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,shud 常常被省略掉

· sugest, dvise propose een, plan;

· demand, order, dirct, arrange, mand, dcde;

· require, request

· thik, epet beieve, insist, supect、

由于她们得含义中包含"建议,假设,应该这类得含义,所以,由她们引起得从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成得虚拟语气。这些动词(以及她们得名次形式,分词形式)引起得从句还有其她得变形:主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句。It's suggestd tat…My sggeton is tat…;The nly suggetin that…;Te only sugetion I can gie you nw i that…

4、一些形容词引起得表语从句中,也会有同样得情况

     importntnecessr;essential  

t's    ntrlstraneincedibleﻩ  that

      a piy; a shame; no wnder

1) lest, for fear tat, in case 引起得从句中多使用hould

2) 表达与事实相反

· 与现在相反:使用[过去时]:

I wih I were not her! 一般现在一般过去

Spose we wer not hre

e loved me as if I were his own son、(一般现在一般过去

oe I weren't always losig tings!ﻩ现在进行过去进行)

I ony/I I han’t been tere (现在完成过去完成

Wha f I adn't bee waiing rigt here!(现在完成进行过去完成进行)

常考句型:Its (high) tme (that)…; wuld rather (that)…;这两个从句,只能表达对现在得瞧法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。

· 与过去相反:过去完成时;

  How nice it is if I had past the test

  How nie i i if I hd slet a lttle more this moring

· 与将来相反:将来得事情没有发生,所以只能推测。

  If t ains tomrrow, we'll have to sty one da more

  不过,由于可以用be to表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to;也就是CET-4得常考语法点.

3) 虚拟条件句

· if 部分,做一个与事实相反得假设(所以只有一般过去与过去完成);

· 主句部分,这就是表示基于这个假设得推测,一般使用情态动词woul,少数情况下使用coul/migt/ay.

· 注意:两个部分之间,就是有逻辑关系,而在两部分得谓语动词时态上,没有必然得联系。

4) 注意,虚拟条件句中得if可以省略,造成weeha提前,产生倒装。

5) 隐含得非真实条件

What ould you d with 5 thusand dllar?

ow ould I be appy witout you

除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。

· in orde that, so that引起得从句,肯定得时候可以使用may/might can/could; 否定得时候,多用shoud’t;whoee, whaevr, no mattr wat引起得从句中,多用may+

(二)that从居中

1wsh, would raher (sooner), ad better

· I wish I were as stron as ou、

I wish I had paid mre attenton to our pronucition、

I woul ather tey cam tomorrow (yo ad gne thee too)

I hd rater (that you told him than I did

2、 suggest, order, demand, proose, mand, request, desire isist 等动词后得宾语从句:

· h mander ordeed that all civilian should) b vauatd

He aske that he be givn an opportunity to try

She urgd hat he wrte and ccept the post

it is desied, it is suggested it s requsted, i was orderd, it was proposed, it is necssry, i is iportant t has been decded 等结构后得主语从句中

· It wa rrnged that tey leae th folowig week

I will e better hat we eet some other tme、

4sggetion, moton roposal, ode, remendatons, plan idea等后得表语从句与同位语从句:

· His sole rquirement is (was that thy system be adusted、

(三)在某些句型中

1t s tim that

· It s time that w went (huld go) to bed

It is hgh ime we (shold) put an end t this controvrsy

2、 s if (though) 引起得从句

· They talkd (are taling as if tey had been fried for years、

It sees as if it was (were) sprng oday

He acts (ated s if (though) he were (was) a expert

3、以lest, fr far that in case 引起得从句这时谓语多用 shold 动词原形):

· H tok hi raincoat with hi est it hould rin、

e put his coat over te child fo ea that lest he sould catch cod

4、以whateve, whoever no atter what这类代词或词组引起得从句谓语多用ay加动词原形构成:

· Whateve efecs e may hae, e is n honest man

e wat may, we ill go ahad不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去

I acept hat he s od and fail; be that a t may, he’s still a goo poliician

我承认她年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍就是优秀得政治家

()条件

1、虚拟条件句主要有下面两类

)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现得可能性不大得情况:

· 谓语主要形式如下(be多用wee这个形式:

从句

主句

过去式

would + 动词原形

If I were you, I would't los hert、

o ie it oul be f yu could sty a bit loger、

2) 表示过去情况得虚拟条件句与事实完全相反得假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下

从句

主句

had + 过去分词

would have 过去分词

· She would ave if we had inite her

If I hadn’t taen your advice, I wuld ave mde a bad mistake,

Yu wuln’ hve cauht cl i you ad put on more lothes

2、有时候, 条件从句表示得动作与主句表示得动作, 发生得时间就是不一致得如一个就是过去发生得 一个就是现在发生得)、 这时, 动词得形式要根据表示得时间来调整、 这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句

· If h had receved si moe vtes, he would be our chairman now、

If we hadn't got everyhing eady b ow we should be havin errile tme tomorrow、

3、有时假设得情况并不以条件从句表示 而就是通过一个介词短语来表示

· Without muic, te world would be a dll plce

We could hae done beter under more favorable coditions

But for the tom, we should have arivd arlier、

、如果条件句从句中包含有 ere ha, sould culd, 有时可把if省略掉 并把were, had, houldould放在主语前面

· Had w made adequate repaation, we might hae uceeded、

Shuld thee be a flood, what hud we do

Were i not or teir ssistane w would be in serious difficulty、

五、介词

(一)合成介词与复杂介词

1、合成介词 inside, into, no ut of, otsid, throughout upn within, withot

2、复杂介词: acording o along wth apart from, as for, as to bcue of by meas of, in font of, in spite of, insead of, in ccordance ith, on acon f, on bhlf of owing t, due to, togethe wit, up to, with regard to, rir to

(二)介词在句末:

1Ths is wat he i intereted in

2Does everyoe has a seat to it n

(三)名词加介词 ( n + pep)

1、某些名词之后要求用某些介词 ouin to, fat in lnc a, need for

2、某些名词之前要求用某些介词 on one’s guard at one’s requet n all probbility to m dlih

(四)动词加介词

Vi、 + prep、: prvail on, appeal to all ino, apy fr, touch uon

2Vt、 + O prep、: lay ephasis n take advantage of

3i + dv prep、:

· I dn’t wih to beak i on you touhts

The family came up aginst fesh problems

You’re not telig m the whole story、 You’re holdn ut on me、

She got of wih hm son after she begn o work at the instituton

4Vt + O + adv、 +prp: You shouldn’t tke our resenmen ot on me

()形容词加介词

1about——anxious, areful, carelss certain, considerate, nthuiati, guilty happy mad, pariclar sad sure, timid, unappy, etc

2at—-awkward ad clver, disapointed, disgsted, good, arvelus qick, skifu, skilled, useless weak, etc

3for—-convenient eligible gateul, omeick ugry, necessary, noted perfect, responible, etc

from——vidnt, exept iseparabe, sae, tred, etc

5in——dficient exert liberl quck rich succesful eak, tc

6of——apprehesive, charcteistic, ciical destutiv, envious had inconsiderate, ipatiet, deednt, ealous, postve, saed, ensible, hort sck suspiiu, typical worthy etc

7on——deendent, keen, inten, etc

to-—acceptable, accessile, agreeable, lve, attentive, blind, paabl, coureous, dea, estrutive, essential favrble, hstile, indiferet, marie, obedient, paralll, referable rlatd, resposible sensitive, utabe, unjust et

9wth——awkard brd, careul, disappointed, gneous, identicl ll, impatet, popular, sck, wron, etc

六、连词

(一)并列连词

、表示意义得引申 and, bot…and, nt oly…but(also, as wel as nd …as well eiter…nor

2、表示选择: o, ithe…or

3、表示转折 bu, while whras, yet, however/nvertheless也可认为就是副词

4、表示因果: fo, so, therfre, hnce

(二)从属连词

、表示时间: when wile s after befre, snce ntil(til), as soon as, once

、表示原因: bcause, as, ince now that, seeng that

、表示条件 f unless, in case, provded(that), suppose as long as, o condtion that)

4、表示其她关系: al)though, han, as/so…as, let in order hat so…that

七、定语从句

(一)限制与非限制性定语从句

、限制性定语从句就是名词词组不可缺少得一个组成部分 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它得先行词分开

· The boys ho wanted to play football were disappoined whn it rind

he boys, wh wanted to ly ootall, wre disappointed when it rained、

2、如果定语从句得先行词就是专有名词 或就是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc或形容词性指示代词(this hat, etc)作限定词 其后得定语从句通常都就是非限制性得

· Mary Smith, who is in the cornr wants t met you

Her oher who had og suffred fom arthriis, ded last niht

4、在非限制性定语从句中只能用whowhom指人, whic指物,通常不用tht替代

· My fathr wo hd been on a visit to Americ, returned yestedy

All th ooks wich ha ictures in them wee set to the little girl

(二)定语从句得引导词

1tat, who, whom

)非限制性定语从句 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that 作主语时用who较多)、 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用ho代替whm

· ere is the man whom) ou’ve een looking for、

He is a man (that ou can safely depend on、

Te people (wh/tht you wee talkin to were Swds

2)但在介词后只能用whom:

· Thi is h man to whom I eferred

3)但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些

· Have you et th peson aout whom he was speaing? 

Hav ou met he person that) he was spakig aout

The gil to whm I spok i y cousin

The girl (who/tat) I spke to is m cosin

2、 限制性定语从句如果修饰 用关系代词that得时候较多, 也有时用whch当这个代词在从句中就是用作宾语时 在绝大多数情况下都就是省略得, 特别就是口语中尤其就是当被修饰得词就是al everything等词时)

)Have you evrting yo need

(Is thre anythig I ca do for you

2)在介词后只能用whch 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用hat, 但省略得时候更多一些:

· The ool wit whch he is wring s calle a wech

The tool (that e i working wth is called a wrench

This is the questio aot which we've had so muc discussion

3)定语从句一般就是修饰名词或代词得, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或就是句子得一部分 b, 引导词用whic:

· They have invite m o viit hei counry, wich is very knd of them

The activity was postoned wich wa eactl wht we antd

· hen deeply asorbed in work, whih he oftn was, e woul foret all abu eating and sleeping、

She was very paien toards the cildrn, which her usand sedom was

3whse: 在表示。..得这个概念时 可用所有格 whose; hose 用于指物, 有时可与of wich交替使用 通常得词序就是 名词词组 + of whih: 

· Is thre anyone in yor clss hos family is n the norteast?

We had a eeting whoe purpose ws pletel unler (…te prpse of which was…)

H’s witten book th name of whch I’v pletely fogottn (…woe name ’ve…)

of which前得名词词组也可以由soe, any, none all, both everl, enough many, most, few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前

The buses, mot of which were alredy full, were surrounded by a angry crwd

It’s family of eight cildren all of whom are studyn music、

4、关系副词 hen, hee, why 它们得含义相当于 a which, i which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用得可能The day whe e was born…on which he was brn…;which he was brn o;The ffce where he works…;at whih he works…whic he woks a

1)有时可用ta替代关系副词, 在口语中hat 可省略

vry time (that) the tlehoe rings, he gts nervous

Tis ws h first tim hd srius truble wth my oss

Do you know anyhre (that) can get a dink

This is the plce (whee we met yeterday、

ht is the reao why) he i it

2)th way 后也可用tht 替代in whih 在口语中that也可省略

This is the way thtin whch) he dd it、

ha th way I lok at it

(三)如果定语从句中谓语为 there s, 作主语得关系代词也常可省掉

1 ms mak ull use of th ie there is left t me nd do as uch as I cn o the pople

Ths is the fastest train (ht) tere i to Naning

(四)定语从句得简化 定语从句与不定式结构, -ing分词结构, —d分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系

He was the only one to realie the dnger (= wo ealized the dner)、

2he mn injurd by the bulle (= wh ws njured by te bullt) was taken to hospitl

3All the wome present = who were prsnt) loed up in alarm、

八、倒装

(一)全部倒装与部分倒装

1、如果谓语在主语前面 就就是倒装语序、 倒装语序又分为全部倒装与部分倒装 在全部倒装得句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语得前面: Here re soe rgisteed etters fo you

2、在部分倒装得句子中只就是谓语中得一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面

· Under no circumstances must soldier lave his post

I could’t answer th question Nor could anyone else in u class

Only n this way is i possible t acplish th above-mentioed glorous task

(二)以neither nor, s等开始得句子

1、由s引起得表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人或东西得句子(肯定句), neite, nor引起得表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人或东西得句子否定句) 助动词或be置于主语前

· “We must stat fo the work-sit ow”、  S must we

I am quite illing to hl and so ae the others

e didn’t drop ny hint、 No Neiher) dd is secretary

I wn’ do sch a tig" “No Neither) will I

2、如果一个句子只就是重复前面一句话得意思, 尽管就是用so开头 语序也不要颠倒

· “I wa cold ysterday、” “o it was

“Toorow wil be Mody” “o it will"

(三)当句首状语为 never, little, no only, o until, harly, scarey等否定词或有否定意义得词语时, 一般引起部分倒装

o longer are te sayin with us

No sone ad he arrved there than he fell ill

3Under no circumstncs coud agre to such a pincple、

(四)表示位置或方向得副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, e等表示位置转移得动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:

· Ther was a sdden gut of wind and awy wn his at

The door burst pen an I rushe the crowd、

hre s the bus!    ow e your turn、

1、如果主语就是代词, 仍用正常语序:

· There es or trn

2、有here引起 谓语为e得句子 也要倒装

· ere is Cia’s largst toical fret

Here are some pitur-books

、如果主语就是代词, 仍用正常语序

· Here w re Thi is th new ailway station、

“Gve me sme papr" “Here you are、"

(五)表语与系动词提前

1、介词短语

· On te oher sie was nothen Xning

ear th souther end of the illae was lrge pear orchard

2、 形容词

· Vey importan n th frmr’s life is the radio weathr repot

ort of all wer the humliatios h uffeed

3、 副词

· Below is a restuant

Southwes of the resevor wer 2,000 cres of sady astland

4、 分词

· Huse in the Cultural Palac are a library, an uditorium and recreaio rooms、

idden nderground is wealt o gold, silver, cpper ead nd zink

tndng besid te table was an interpreter

、句首状语若由 nly + 副词 oly + 介词词组 only + 状语从句构成 引起局部倒装

· Only yesterday did he fid out tat his wach ws mising

Ony throgh sher lck did he mnage to gt som tckets、

Onl because tere ere soe canceld bokings did he get some tickes in the end、

· not only开头得句子或分句 往往引起局部倒装

Not only did he plai abot the foo, he also refused to pay for it

Not ol did the garage overharge e, bt hey hadn’t don vey good rear job eiter

九、比较级与最高级

()无比较级与最高级得形容词及副词: lete, pefect, tter tc

()比较从句

1a…as, alms/just/nealy ass, ot so/as …as:

· We’ll give you as much help as we can、

I haen't made as much progress as I sold、

e’ve prduced twice as muc coton tis yer as e di e years ago

y mad o English s not hal so (as good as ours

2、 than so much/a lot  moe tan, no mre… than no mre…tan, ess thanmor…tan, less…tha可表示与其说不如说…": 

· He is mr good hn bad、

e ws less hur thn frighened

The present cisis in cpitalist counties is much oe a political tha an econoi crisis

3“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示得可以就是该形容词或副词得相反得含义: 

1)no rch than = s oor as;n biggr than = as mal a;no lter than as ealy as;

Jon is no better tha om

I have taken n ore than six courses this semester

2) the mor… the mre (越就是就越…)

· Acually the buse e is the happir he fees

The mor they talked, the moe encouraged tey felt、

3)mr of a, s uh o , less of a, etc s much of aas, more/ess f a …tha等结构与单数可数名词搭配时 名词只能置于比较结构中间

· He is moe o a spotman than his brother

十、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句

(一)主语从句有三类

1、 what等代词引导得主语从句: wht表示“…(东西)”, 在结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句; whaever表示得一切 hoever表示一切得人

· What ou eed is ore practic

ha is hard is to do god all on's life and never do anthing bad

Whaeve was aid here mus be ept scet

Whatver I have is at your service、

Whoever fals t ee this will make a big bunder

2、由连词tat引起得主语从句: 这类主语从句在大多数情况下都放到句子后部去, 而用代词it做形式上得主语

· That we need more equpment is quite ovius、

t is impossibl tht I may nt able to e

It doen’t ee ikely that se will be hee

· 在口语中连词that有时可以省略掉:

It's god you’re s considerae

It’ a pty you missed suh fine tak

、由连接代词或连接副词hther引起得主语从句 这类主语从句 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用t做形式上得主语

· When we shal hae our sort meet is still ueston

It s stil quesion when w shal ave our sorts meet

Wete he will join us wn’t make too much diference

I won’t make to muc differnce wether he wll join us

(二)宾语从句 与主语从句及表语从句一样 宾语从句也有以上三类、 

、连接代词或副词引导得从句只就是在某些动词后能用作宾语

· Tel me wat you want、

I just an't imagne how he cul have done such a hng

ave yu decided whom you are to nominate as your cadidate

2、能跟这类宾语从句得常见动词有: ee, say, tll, ak, answer, know, deide, fn ot mgne, suggest doubt wonder, show, discovr dscuss, undrstand infrm, dvise、 这种动词后也常用whtherif引导得从与作宾语

· I dot know whehr thee fgre are accurate、  I’m wondering i th lter is oerweigt

3、这种从句有时前面可以有另一个宾语

· Has se infored you when they are o hod the meeting?

Pese advis me which bok I shold read fist

4、有时这种从句也可用作及词得宾语:

· hether that s a oo solution depend on ho you look at it

He was no coscious of what an ipotat discover h had mde

I as curious a to what h would ay next

5、用tha引导得从句作宾语得情形最为普遍, 在很多动词如boast, say thik insit ws, hpe suppose, see, believe, are acnoledge, admit deny exect, explain confess, oder, ad, suspect, dram sugget, propoe, know, mean notice rfr reust, require, reprt, urge 以及doubt得否定与疑问式后面都可以用它

十一、情态动词:

(一)用情态动词+hve +done"结构表示对过去动作得推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去得时间状语给以暗示。情态动词得这一用法可以用对立统一"来概括。

1、当试题得前句与后句在动作与意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作与时间上就是一个整体时,我们可用统一关系来解决这样得试题。常见得结构有:

1must have done:表示对过去动作得肯定推测,常译作一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为cn't/ould’t have doe

)疑问式为Can/Could、、、have done﹖;ould /ight have done:表示对过去发生得动作得可能性推测,常译作可能做了……”。如:

· M sister met hm t he rand Theater yestrday aternoon o he       our lecture

A、 couldn’t hae attende   B、 need't hve attnded 

  C、 ustn’t ave attened D sholdn’t ave ttended    本题选A

· Jck ____ yet, ohewise he would hv telephoed m

 A mstn’t hve arivd   B、 hould't’t hav rrve

C、 can’t ave aried D、 need not have arrved C)

2、当试题得前后句在动作与意义上构成转折关系时,常借助ut, however,nsted”等词来表示过去得动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用对立关系来解决这样得试题。这种结构常见得有:

should have done/ough to ave doe:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

2shud no have dne/ought nt to ave done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了.

)ned have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。

)need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了.:

· I ws realy nxiou aot you. Yo hme wtout a wor. 

Austn’t leav      Bshould have left

  Ccouldn’ hae left   nedn’t leae (本不应该离家出走却走了,故本题选B.

· I told Sally hw to gt here, bu perhaps I     for her 

.ad to wite t out    Bust have witten it out

.huld have written i out Doght to write i ou

解析由句中得连词ut可知前后句之间就是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C

()考查情态动词基本用法之间得比较与辨析.最近几年高考试题中常借助具体得语境来考查考生对那些最常见得情态动词得基本用法得理解与掌握,因此在做这样得试题时应认真分析语境中所含得实际意义,并结合情态动词得基本含义与用法做出正确得选择.

· —Is John ing by rai

—He hould, ut he ______ no He lks drvig is a

A.must  Bcan  C.need   D.may

  解析]mustn’t 表示禁止、不准;annot 表示不可能ned nt 表示不必要"ay not 表示可能不。分析语境可知本题应选 

· Mr Bush is on tie for everythingHw  it be that h was lat for he oeing ceremony

 A.cn    B.should   C.may   D.must

[解析]mut be 表示肯定得猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选A

· —Are you ng o Jeff's paty

  —I'm not sur   g to th oncert ntead

must    .would  C.shuld     D.might

解析由题意与下句中得 m no ur,可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测,mgt可以用来表示一种比较委婉得可能性判断,故本题选D

· shold have ben here, but I     nt fin the tie

Awould      Bcould Cmight     Dhuld

[解析分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去得某种能力;C 项只表示语气上得可能性,与题意不符.

· —Could I brrow your dictioar

  —Yes, of orse ou    

Aight Bwll     Ccan    D.should   (C)

· —he can I for te hots I ned them omorw afteroon.

  —They    e ready y 1:00 

  Acan    B.shoud   Cmight    Dned

解析该题考查情态动词shul得基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选B.又如:

· The fire sred hrough th htel ver qikly but veryn get ot

  hd o    Bwould    .could     Dwas able t

解析该题考查了oldb able to得区别,二者都可表示过去时间得能力,但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was/wee able o do,故本题选

(三)ay/migt表示允许与可能

1、允许: 询问或说明一件事可不可以做

·May I truble you with a quesio?  You may take his seat if ou like

Yu migt as well peak yor mind may…显得婉转一些)

2、 可能: 表示一件事或许发生或就是某种情况可能会存在)

· You my walk tn iles without seing a hose、 he wa afaid thy might not like the idea

3、 ight 表示请求:Might I ask for a phoogaph f your aby? (My 更客气一些

(四)can’t, could’t表示否定得推测:

1She ca’t be seros

2A more sitable book cn’ be fond、 (It i o psible to find a mre suiable book、)

3He oldn’t (ca't) be ovr fifty

(五)shoud, oght to: 表示应该做得事, ough tosoul口气稍重一些

· You soud (oght to) do as he sas

You shouldn’t ougtn't to) talk like that

1、但这两者间也有一些差别, 在表示责任 义务等该做得事情时, ough to, 在表示某件事宜于做时, 多用should, 在下面得句子中这两个词就不宜换用

· You are his father ou ought to take care f him

We should no use too many big ord in our everda speech

2will would

3shall, should表示意愿

、情态动词后接进行式, 完成式与完成进行式

1)情态动词可以与动词得进行式构成谓语 表示应该正在…”想必正在…”这类意思

· Why should w be siting hr ding nthing?

This isn't hat I uht to be doing

he miht till be thiking abou te queton yu raised、

They mut (my) be waiting for us, let urry up、

2) 情态动词有时与动词得完成形式构成谓语, 表示应当已经…”想必已经…”这类意思:

· I shoud have though f that、

They shouldn’t hav et so soon

Yu neen’t hae told tem hat

Were ca (could he have one?

He may not have achieve all his ais ut his fort s praise-worthy

3) 情态动词间或也可以与一个动词得完成进行式构成谓语表示应当一直在…”想必一直在…”这类意思:

· They ae sweatin al ver Tey mst have been orin n the ieds

Tey may have bee dscusing te probem hs morig

Yu houd have been waitig for us Why haven’t you?

he couldn’t hav been swimming all a

十二、倒装

(一)全部倒装:就是只将句子中得谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时与一般过去时。常见得结构有:Up went te pane = th plane wen up

1here, there, now then, ths等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用b, e go lie ru

2、表示运动方向得副词bak down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动得动词。

· 上述全部倒装得句型结构得主语必须就是名词,如果主语就是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he es、

· 谓语动词就是be得时候,不能倒装。 Here it is Her you are

· 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装.ypical of;charatritc of;coinidng ih + n 

· 表示地点范围得介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装。n…(表语)+系动词主,主同;在倒装句型答案中不能出现there;常考介词要倒装:amongbeteen,in,at,beneah;常考得系动词:be,lie,eist,emain,res

(二)部分倒装

1、否定 adv 位于句首,引起倒装:

1)not oly no until, hardly, scacey, sldom, rarly, no sone…ta  

2)ot until  时间  主谓倒装,not until + 句子+主谓倒装 

3only+状语位于句首:only +ad;prp短短语;从句;only一个词本身不倒装  

2、在比较级结构中,tha后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装. 

1)部分倒装就是指将谓语得一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中得谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do doedid,并将其置于主语之前。

2ether, nor, so 表示前面句子得共同否定或者肯定,产生倒装,一般主动词提前

as / toug引导得让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词 副词, 分词 实义动词提前).

1)s〔让步〕虽然,尽管〔词序倒装.语气比 tough 强〕.

· Sccessful as h is e is not proud 她虽成功,却不骄傲。

Try har as he will, he neve sees able o o he ork satsfacorily

2)注意:A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首就是实义动词 其她助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语与状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前.

4、其她部分倒装 

1)s… that 句型中得so such… that句型中得sch位于句首时,需倒装。

)So frihtend as he that he did not dare to move n inch、

3)在某些表示祝愿得句型中:May you ll b happy、

4)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有wre, had, sould等词,可将if 省略, wre, had, soud 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装.Were I you I oul ty t again

十三、复合句

(一)从句可分为:

1、名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

2、形容词性从句定语从句

3、副词性从句状语从句

、常考得关系代词:hatwhichwhowhomwhoewhere;wenwhat;as.

5、常见得同位语从句现行词(tht之前得抽象名词):fact, ide, nes, hope, concusion, evidence, opinion prblem, tought understnding… 

6、 常用得引导词

· 时间状语从句:hlewhenbefore,wenevr,asafter,tilluntisiceonceevr since, as/so long asas on ano sone… thanhrly… when sarcely/barely… whenthe oment/minute/nstann (the poin of) doing…

· 地点状语从句:werweevr

· 原因状语从句:becaus,ines,seng that,considerig thatnowin thatfor fea tat,est,owng to the fat that,ecase ofthe fact thade to,the fact hat…

· 方式状语从句:as,as ifas hougho,save that…

· 比较状语从句:astanas… as,nt so… as,adly… tan

· 结果状语从句:so tatso… that,such… thto as to…

· 条件状语从句:f,unles,i cs,so lng asso fr asroided/rovidng/thtsupposin grane/ganig that,givig that…

· 让步状语从句:thoughathougheven if,ven though,heatheas,howeveno matter (what, how, when)or all thain spte of the fact thtgraned tatrgrdless f he fact that…

· 目得状语从句:taso hatin order thaleso he fear tain cse…

()、定语从句: 

1whic 引导得定语从句结构

· whic就是关系代词,whic后面应该加缺主语或者宾语得句子,在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语

2)i hic+完整得句子,hich在定语从句中作i得宾语,所以不能作后面句子得主语

3)名词+of wich谓语动词,of hich来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词

I hav five ooks three o whch re borrowed fom Mary、

4)介词+ wich +t d 其功能相当于定语从句.The key with whch o open the doo is lost

)定语从句得省略结构:

· 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语,可以省略 

sub、+ vt+ n+ (which  tat) + sub+ vt→s+ vt、+ n+ s、+ v 

· 当做题时,若发现两个名词在一起,但就是似乎连不上,则一定省略ht/which,则动词为t,做谓语。  ﻫ6)定从得特殊省略

· th wa i which) + 句子 

· the reason (why tat)+句子       

· th time (that  whn)+句子  

· B the timethat+句子,句子。 

7)定从得主系省略(系可同时省) 即:hch be , who be , tha e可同时省状语从句省略结构.这种省略从句主语得方式理论上需要满足以条件:特定得状语从句引导词:altoughhougheve,togh,henwhleifs;从句主语与主句主语必须保持一致;从句得谓语必须就是e动词,主语与be动词同进同出。

本文来源:https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/61908c0a996648d7c1c708a1284ac850ad0204fe.html

《英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总.doc》
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑,方便收藏和打印
推荐度:
点击下载文档

文档为doc格式