英语被动语态

英语被动语态

【知识总结归纳】

一. 概念：表示动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子是被动语态。

二. 主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换

We Visited that factory last summer主动语态

主语 谓语 宾语 状语

That factory was visited by us last summer被动语态

主语 谓语 宾语 状语

熟练转换

A．将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：

①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；

②谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；

③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by短语可以省略）。

2．被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前；否定句是在第一个助动词后加not；特殊疑问句的语序为：疑问词＋一般疑问句。例如：

① You must throw the broken pottery away at once．

The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once．（同义句）

（填m ust be thrown away）

② Where did they grow vegetables？（改为被动语态）

Where ______ vegetables ______ ？（填were；grown）

B.被 动 语 态 的 使 用

1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。

“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”

2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。

These records were made by John Denver.

The cup was broken by Paul.

3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。

These cars were made in China.

三. 各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比

四. 如何正确使用被动语态

1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：

①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；

②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。

例如：① He often tells us interesting stories . （主动语态）

（被动语态）

② Her mother gave her a new pen．（变被动语态）

A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother．

（填was given to）

▲1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：

bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。

(1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to her.

2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：

build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。

(1) A new skirt was made for me (2) The meat was cooked for us.

2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to还要还原。

eg. I often hear her sing this popular song . （主动语态）

She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态）

此类用法常用动词有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice listen to, look at，等。

3. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”

比较：（1）

 （2）

4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。

eg.

五．注意特例

将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：

1.短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about,bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。

例如：

① This dictionary mustn't ______ from the library．

A．take away

B．taken away

C．are taken away

D．be taken away ［D］

② She will take good care of the children．（变被动语态）

The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ （by her）．

（填be taken good care of）

2．含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：

Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday．（变被动

He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday．

（填was seen to）

3．不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be ＋过去分词”。例如：

The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city．

A．be building

B．build

C．be built

D．built ［C］

4． 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：

Who wrote the story?

误：Who was the story written?

正：By whom was the story written?

5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：

Nobody can answer this question.

误：The question can be answered by nobody.

正：The question can not be answered by anybody.

6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：

They haven't done anything to make the river clean.

误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.

正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

7. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：

(1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。

(2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销

8. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。

(1)— Do you like the material? — Yes, it feels very soft.

误：It is felt very soft.

(2)The food tastes delicious.

误：The food is tasted delicious.

(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.

误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.

第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：

He entered the room and got his book.

误：The room was entered and his book was got.

She had her hand burned.

误：Her hand was had burned.

第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：

The fire broke out in the capital building.

误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.

第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。

When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.

误：The sun had already been risen.

After the earthquake, few houses remained.

误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.

第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：

I taught myself English.

误：Myself was taught English.

We love each other.

误：Each other is loved.

六．注意区别

被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：

1）含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：

The window is broken．窗子破了。（系表结构）

The window is broken by him．窗子被他打破了。（被动语态）

2）用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：

He was very interested in science．他对科学有极大兴趣。（系表结构）

I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know what to do．我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。（被动语态）

七．牢记（相关）句型

教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：

1．be covered with被……覆盖

2．be made of由……制作（发生物理变化）

be made from由……制作（发生化学变化）

be made in由（某地）制造

be made by被（某人）制造

3．be used for被用来……

be used as被当作（作为）……来使用

be used to do sth．被用来做某事

4． It is reported that …据报导……

It is supposed that …据推测……

It is generally considered that …普遍认为……

It is suggested that …有人建议……

It is said that．．．据说……

It is hoped that．．．希望……

It is well known that．．．众所周知……例如：

①—Your coat looks nice．Is it ______ cotton？

—Yes．It's Shanghai．

A．made of；made by

B．made of；made in

C．made for；made by

D．made for；made in ［B］

② This machine is used ______ the room wet．

A．for keeping

B．as keeping

C．keep

D．to keeping ［A］

③ 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。

______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing．

（填It is said；another bridge；built）

【实战模拟】

一. 选择填空

1. The rivers smells terrible People must dirty things into it .

A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwing

C. stop to throw D. stop form throwing

2. Paper first invented in China .

A. is B. are C. was D. were

3. — Do you like the flower ? — Yes , it sweet .

A. is smelling B. smelt C. is smelt D. smells

4. It snowed heavily last night . The ground thick snow .

A. was covered with B. was filled with

C. was made of D. covered with

5. The light in the room before you leave .

A. must turn of B. will turn off C. are turned D. must be turned off

6. the kind of question often in your class , Ann ?

A. Does , ask B. Is , asked C. Has , asked D. Will , ask

7. The bridge in three weeks .

A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. builds

8. The old men and the children must in our country .

A. take good care B. be taken good care

C. take good care of D. be taken good care of

9. Paul doesn’t have to be made He always works hard .

A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

10. The girl was unhappy because she by some boys in the class .

A. is laughed B. was laughed C. laughed at D. was laughed at

11. We that the English test next Monday .

A. are told , gives B. tell , will give

C. are told , will be given D. told , is going to be given

12. Great changes place in China since 1978 .

A. have been taken B. have taken C. has been taken D. took

13. the red pencil-box by your father last week ?

A. Has , bought B. Was , bought C. Does , buy D. Did , buy

14. Mary many songs at the party .

A. heard sing B. heard to sing C. was heard sing D. was heard to sing

15. trees usually in April ?

A. Have , planted B. Are , planted C. Do , plant D. Were , planted

16. When we got there , the broken road repaired .

A. is being B. was being C. has been D. /

17. The windows of the room once a week .

A. has been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned D. are cleaning

18. In 1620 , about half the USA forests .

A. was covered B. was covered by C. were filled with D. covered with

19. The young tree the stick .

A. should be tied to B. must be tied by C. should tie to D. can be tied with

20. A present me by my friend on my birthday .

A. is giving B. was given to C. is given for D. will give to

21. By was the book ?

A. who , wrote B. whom , write C. whom , written D. whom , writing

22. Films about crime and violence（暴力与犯罪） by young children .

A. should not see B. should be not seen

C. should not be seen D. should be seen

23. In warm weather fruit and meat long .

A. can’t be kept B. don’t keep C. is not kept D. aren’t keeping

24. Half the world’s telephone calls in English .

A. are made B. are making C. make D. is made

25. That building now .

A. is building B. is built C. is being built D. builds

26. The trees in our school every Friday afternoon .

A. are watered B. are watering C. have watered D. water

27. More “ Great Green Walls ” must all over the world .

A. build B. are built C. be building D. be built

28. His school bag by a woman ten minutes ago .

A. took away B. was taken away C. was taken off D. is taken

29. It that she very clever .

A. was said , is B. was said , were C. is said , is D. is said , is being

30. Yesterday a visitor something about his hometown .

A. was asked B. was asking C. is asked D. asked

31. Do you like this kind of paper ? Yes , it very nice .

A. is felt B. felt C. is feeling D. feels

32. These books well .

A. sells B. are being sold C. are sold D. sell

33. The boy lost on his way home yesterday .

A. got B. is C. gets D. has

34. Though the coat is a bit large now , it me very soon .

A. will be fit B. will fit C. fit D. fits

35. Football everywhere in the world .

A. is played B. play C. is playing D. plays

36. Everybody here was a present .

A. gave B. given C. To give D. Giving

37. A new factory in our city last year .

A. built B. has built C. was built D. is building

38. All trees must well when it is dry .

A. be watered B. are watered C. water D. be watering

39. This shirt silk .

A. must be made in B. make by C. must be made of D. must be made by

40. These books good care of .

A. must taken B. must take C. have to take D. must be taken

41. Stamps by people for sending letters .

A. use B. in using C. used D. are used

42. More trees next year .

A. will be planted B. will plant C. have planted D. are planting

43. — When the People’s Republic of China ?

 — On October 1.1949 .

A. did …found B. was …found C. was … founded D. is … founded

44. Today , too many trees are still in the world .

A. cutting down B. cut down C. being cut down D. cutted

45. This kind of machine Japan .

A. is made by B. is made from C. is made in D. is made of

46. The teacher says that the man will .

A. be well taken care B. well look after C. take care well D. be well looked after

47. — I think the shop .

       — No , It’s open . It at six .

A. is close … close B. is closed … closes C. closed … closes D. is closed

48. I was astonished（吃惊）to hear that the colour TV set 5 , 000 yuan .

A. has cost B. cost C. costed D. was cost

49. Great changes place since he came here .

A. have been taken B. have taken C. has been taken D. has taken

50. He was seen something from the shop .

A. steal B. to steal C. to be stolen D. stealed

51. She has by her classmates .

A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at

二. 用正确的时态和语态填空

1. Nearly everybody here （know）when the old museum （build）.

2. The building can （see）from every part of the city ; It （build）many years ago .

3. Yesterday Tom （tell）me that his bike （break）last week .

4. The students often （tell）to take care of their desks and chairs .

5. Now he （be）asked if the meeting （hold）next Friday .

6. It is known to all that the moon （turn）round the earth .

7. Miss Li often （use）a recorder in her English class . But she （not use）it tomorrow .

8. Vegetables , eggs and fruits （sell）in this shop .

9. English （speak）here .

10. The song （like）by us all twenty years ago .

11. The pictures （take）by Jack tomorrow .

12. The computer （can use）in the room .

13. The room （paint）now .

14. The novel （translate）into many languages since it was published .

15. That clock （call）Big Ben .

16. Last week , when I （ask）about English culture , I couldn’t answer it well .

17. What language （speak）in your country ?

18. School football games often （hold）on Friday evenings .

19. The film （show）again sometime next week .

20. If anything （happen）to him , let me know .

21. the pair of new shoes （suit）you ?

22. The bottle （break）by the cat yesterday .

23. A tall tree （can , see）in the picture .

24. The sports meeting （hold）last week .

25. We （tell）yesterday that Jane would come back from Australia .

26. Look , Mr Smith （take）to the station by Mark in his car .

27. These trees should （water）after they （plant）.

28. The TV set （make）in Beijing . It （make）last April .

29. Colour TVs （sell）in that shop .

30. When the People’s Republic of China （found）?

31. Have you moved into the new house ?

Not yet . The rooms （paint）now .

32. An American film often （show）on TV on Sundays .

33. She （tell）the good news as soon as she arrived .

34. Look ! A big modern bridge （build）over the river .

35. Dr Bethune （remember）by the Chinese people for ever .

36. A recorder often （use）in our English class .

[参考答案]

一. 选择填空

1—5 BCDAD 6—10 BCDBD 11—15 CBBDB 16—20 BCBAB

21—25 CCAAC 26—30 ADBCA 31—35 DCABA 36—40 BCACD

41—45 DACBC 46—50 DBBBB 51. D

二. 用正确的时态和语态填空

1. knows , was built 2. be seen , was built 3. told , was broken

4. are , told 5. is , will be held 6. turns

7. uses , won’t use 8. are sold 9. is spoken

10. was liked 11. will be taken 12. can be used

13. is being painted 14. has been translated 15. is called

16. was asked 17. is spoken 18. are , held

19. will be shown 20. happens 21. Does ,suit

22. was broken 23. can be seen 24. was held

25. were told 26. is being taken 27. be watered , are planted

28. is made , was made 29. are sold 30. was founded

31. are being painted 32. is , shown 33. was told

34. is being built 35. will be remembered 36. is , used

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