economic意为“经济上的”，“经济学的”； economic growth经济增长;
economical意为“节约的”，“节省的”，常用于“be economical of”结构。an economical person节俭的人
economics经济学，经济情况； economies节约，节省，节俭。
ban，forbid 和 prohibit
ban，forbid 和 prohibit三个词都表示“禁止”，其中ban语气最重，指权威机关正式禁止。 forbid是普通用词，指个人行为。prohibit是正式用词，指用法律或法令来禁止
devise , device , deviation, deviancy
devise v．设计；发明。device n．装置；设备；方法；计划。deviancy n．反常；背离。deviation n．背离；越轨；偏差。
bare empty vacant blank
bare指没有覆盖物; empty没有填充物(内容); vacant没有被人占据 blank没有写字;指人的表情为茫然的
barely，hardly，rarely 和 scarcely
rarely 意为“难得，不常”（not often）。Rarely have I seen him smile．
hardly 往往强调能力上有困难，意为“简直不，很难”。 scarcely 往往强调不足，常同 enough，sufficient，any 等表示程度的词连用，意为“不太，几乎，简直没有”。He has scarcely any money left． barely 与 hardly 和 scarcely 意思相近，意为“几乎，勉强，仅能做到”。但如果后面跟有 ever，any，at all 等词，只能用 hardly 或 scarcely，不能用 barely。
continual与continuous
continual一般指多次重复的动作：Please stop your continual questions．
continuous表示动作或物体继续不停地或不间断地进行下去：a continuous flow of traffic efficient effective sufficien
efficient指“有效率的”，“高效率的”，“有能力的”，常指人；a very efficient production manager 一位非常得力的生产经理;
而effective表示“有效的”，“效率好的”，常指政策、措施等。 effective teaching 效果好的教学 sufficient充分的，足够的。 emotional emotive emotions
emotional表示“充满感情的”，“易动感情的”，主语多为人；an emotional person 易动感情的人;
emotive表示“使人激动的”，“令人感动的”之意，主语多为物。an emotive speech 令人感动的演讲
emotions是人类精神情感的总称，包括喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪 enviable envious
enviable表示“值得羡慕的”，多作定语用。如an enviable possession一笔令人羡慕的财产。
envious表示“羡慕的”，“嫉妒的”，常用于短语be envious of（羡慕„„，嫉妒„„）。 equal equivalent
equal指在大小、质量、数量、形状、价值等方面相当或相等，常用词组be equal to（等于，和„„相等）, 另外，equal可作名词用，表“对手”，“匹敌者”。如：equal pay for equal work 同工同酬; equivalent指在功能,意义、重要性等抽象的方面相当或相等。His behavior is equivalent to treason．他的行为等于背叛。 exhausting exhaustive
exhausting意为“使人疲惫不堪的”，“筋疲力尽的”。We had a long and exhausting meeting this
morning．今天上午我们开了一个使人疲倦的长会。exhaustive表示“彻底的”，“无遗漏的”，“广泛的”。I don't claim to be exhaustive on this subject．我并不认为自己把这个问题讲透了。
完形填空的词组总结！
a series of 一系列,一连串 above all 首先,尤其是 after all 毕竟,究竟 ahead of 在...之前 ahead of time 提前 all at once 突然,同时 all but 几乎;除了...都 all of a sudden 突然 all over 遍及
all over again 再一次,重新 all the time 一直,始终 all the same 仍然,照样的 as regards 关于,至于 anything but 根本不
as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例
as a result(of) 因此,由于
as far as ...be concerned 就...而言 as far as 远至,到...程度 as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下 as if 好像,仿怫
as good as 和...几乎一样 as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于
all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还
as well as 除...外(也),即...又 aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次
at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价
at all events 不管怎样,无论如何 at all times 随时,总是 at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多 at first 最初,起先
at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 at hand 在手边,在附近
at heart 内心里,本质上 at home 在家,在国内
at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少 at last 终于
at length 最终,终于 at most 至多,不超过 at no time 从不,决不 by accident 偶然
at one time 曾经,一度;同时 at present 目前,现在
at sb's disposal 任...处理 at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布 at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或
back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面 before long 不久以后
beside point 离题的,不相干的 beyond question 毫无疑问 by air 通过航空途径
by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早 by chance 偶然,碰巧 by far 最,...得多 by hand 用手,用体力
by itself 自动地,独自地 by means of 用,依靠
by mistake 错误地,无意地 by no means 决不,并没有 by oneself 单独地,独自地 by reason of 由于 by the way 顺便说说 by virtue of 借助,由于
by way of 经由,通过...方法 due to 由于,因为 each other 互相
even if/though 即使,虽然
ever so 非常,极其
every now and then 时而,偶尔 every other 每隔一个的 except for 除了...外 face to face 面对面地 far from 远非,远离 for ever 永远 for good 永久地
for the better 好转
for the moment 暂时,目前 for the present 暂时,目前
for the sake of 为了,为了...的利益 for the time being 暂时,眼下 from time to time 有时,不时 hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切关联 head on 迎面地,正面的
heart and soul 全心全意地 how about ...怎么样 in a hurry 匆忙,急于 in case of 假如,防备 in a moment 立刻,一会儿 in a sense 从某种意义上说 in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 简言之,总之
in accordance with 与...一致,按照 in addition 另外,加之
in addition to 除...之外(还) in advance 预先,事先 in all 总共,合计 in any case 无论如何 in any event 无论如何 in brief 简单地说
in charge of 负责,总管 in common 共用的,共有的
in consequence(of) 因此;由于 in debt 欠债,欠情 in detail 详细地
in difficulty 处境困难 in effect 实际上,事实上 in general 一般来说,大体上 in favor of 支持,赞成 in front of 面对,在...前 in half 成两半
in hand 在进行中,待办理 in honor of 为庆祝,为纪念 in itself 本质上,就其本身而言 in line with 与...一致 in memory of 纪念 in no case 决不 in no time 立即,马上 in no way 决不
in order 按顺序,按次序 in other words 换句话说 in part 部分地
in particular 特别,尤其 in person 亲自,本人 in place 在合适的位置 in place of 代替,取代,交换 in practice 在实践中,实际上 in proportion to 与...成比例 in public 公开地,当众 in quantity 大量
in question 正在谈论的 in regard to 关于,至于 in relation to 关于,涉及 in return 作为报答/回报/交换 in return for 作为对...报答 in short 简言之,总之 in sight 被见到;在望 in spite of 尽管 in step 齐步,合拍
in step with 与...一致/协调 in tears 流着泪,在哭着
in the course of 在...期间/过程中 in the distance 在远处 in the end 最后,终于
in the event of 如果...发生,万一 in the face of 即使;在...面前 in the future 在未来 in the least 丝毫,一点 in (the)light of 鉴于,由于 in the way 挡道
in the world 究竟,到底 in time 及时
in touch 联系,接触
in turn 依次,轮流;转而 in vain 徒劳,白费力 instead of 代替,而不是
just now 眼下;刚才
little by little 逐渐地 lots of 许多 many a 许多
more or less 或多或少,有点 next door 隔壁的,在隔壁 no doubt 无疑地
no less than 不少于...;不亚于... no longer 不再 no more 不再
no more than 至多,同...一样不 none other than 不是别的,正是 on one's guard 警惕,提防 nothing but 只有,只不过 now and then 时而,偶尔
off and on 断断续续,间歇地 off duty 下班
on a large/small scale 大/小规模地 on account of 由于
on(an/the) average 平均,通常 on behalf of 代表
on board 在船(车/飞机)上 on business 因公
on condition that 如果 on duty 上班,值班 on earth 究竟,到底 on fire 起火着火 on foot 步行, on guard 站岗,值班 on hand 在场,在手边
on occasion(s) 有时,间或 on one's own 独立,独自 on purpose 故意地
on sale 出售,廉价出售 on schedule 按时间表,准时
on second thoughts 经重新考虑 on the contrary 正相反
on the grounds of 根据,以...为由 on (the) one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the point of 即将...的时刻 on the road 在旅途中
on the side 作为兼职/副 业 on the whole 总的来说,大体上 on time 准时 once again 再一次
once(and)for all 一劳永逸地 once in a while 偶尔 once more 再一次 once upon a time 从前 one another 相互 or else 否则,要不然 or so 大约,左右 other than 非;除了
out of 从...中;由于;缺乏 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过时的 out of doors 在户外 out of order 出故障的 out of place 不适当的
out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 out of sight 看不见,在视野外 out of the question 毫无可能的 out of touch 不联系,不接触
over and over(again) 一再地,再三地 prior at 在...之前 quite a few 相当多,不少 rather than 不是...(而是) regardless of 不顾,不惜 right away 立即,马上 side by side 肩并肩,一起 so far 迄今为止 step by step 逐步地 thanks to 由于,多亏
that is (to say) 就是说,即 to the point 切中要害,切题 under control 处于控制之下
under the circumstances 这种情况下 up to date 在进行中
up to 多达;直到;胜任;取决于 what if 切合目前情况的 what about 怎么样
with respect to 如果...将怎么样 with regard to 关于,至于 without question 关于,至于,
with the exception of 除...之外 without question 毫无疑问 word for word 逐字的
句型：
1 the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
2、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
3、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。） 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
4、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
5、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...） 例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
6、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
7、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
8、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
9、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...） 例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
10、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...） 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 11、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V,
~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
12、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 13、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..） 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
14、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
15、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 16、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
17、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...） 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。
18、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
19、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的）
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 20、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
21、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
22、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
23、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。
24、be based on （以...为基础）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 25、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）
例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
英语四级常考语法归纳
1. 常考的几种倒装结构
1)当表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首作状语时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account等。
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
Note:当 “no sooner„ than”和“hardly/scarcely„ when/before”位于句首时用倒装。该结构表示“一„就„”，在时态上主句一般用过去完成时，when或than引导的从句用一般过去时。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
2)当here, there, then, thus, only, hence, little等副词位于句首，句中主、谓用倒装。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
3)当 “so/such„ that”结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
4)分句以so, neither, nor, no more等副词位于句首，表明前面句子中所说明的情况也使用于后面的句子时用倒装。
Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.
2.强调句型
这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。其构成形式为：It is (was) +被强调部分+ that(who, which) +句子的其他部分。被强调的部分通常为主语、宾语和状语。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
It is what you will do that is essential. Note:
在被强调部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果强调的部分是表示人的名词，那么也可用who；如果是指物的名词也可用which。
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不能由since, as或why引导。
It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和由though, although, whereas等引导的从句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages.（误）
Although he is young, he can speak four languages.（正）
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music.（误）
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs.（正）
3.使役动词后的宾语补足语
使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。常用的使役动词有：have, want, make, get, leave, set, let等。可以担当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词等。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right. Note:
动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make, let, have等使役动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I’ve just had some new photos taken.
4.平行结构
在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分（主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等）并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语，分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and, but, or, neither„ nor, either„ or, not only .. but also, both„ and, more(less)„ than, as well as，rather„ than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
5.反意疑问句
在具体运用反意疑问句时应注意以下几点：
1)如果陈述句部分是一个含有宾语从句的复杂句，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代
词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。
He never said she would come, did he?
You told me I had passed the exam, didn’t you?
但是如果陈述句部分是 “I (don’t) think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy, reckon等+宾语从句”的结构时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应，并且要注意否定的转移。
I suppose you are not serious, are you?
She imagines that people like her, don’t they?
I don’t believe she knows it, does she?（因don’t的否定意义后移而不用doesn’t）
I didn’t expect she would come, would she?（因didn’t的否定意义后移而不用wouldn’t）
2)如果陈述句部分是祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。在否定祈使句后还是用“will you”。
Read the text, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
如果陈述句部分是以Let’s开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“shall we”；如果是以Let us开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。
Let’s have a party tonight, shall we?
Let us go home, will you?
3)如果陈述句部分带有never, nothing, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, seldom,
rarely, barely, little, few等否定词或半否定词，反意疑问部分的动词要用肯定式。
You can hardly believe this, can you?
He has few good reasons for staying, has he? 6.词序
当多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,在意义上同名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词，其排列次序为“A + B + C + D + E + F + G +被修饰的名词”。其中：A.表示年龄、新旧的形容词，如old, young等。B.表示大小、长短、高低、重量的形容词，如little, big, long, heavy等。 C.表示形态、形状的形容词，如round, square等。D.表示颜色的形容词，如red, white, green等。E.表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词，如British, southern, Italian等。F.表示物质、材料的形容词，如wooden, rocky等。G.表示用途、类别、目的、与„有关等的形容词，也包括起形容词作用的名词和分词，如medical, writing, geography等。其他形容词放在上述A类形容词之前。例如：
a small round brown wooden table
a useless, old, big, heavy, red geography book
a valuable old French writing desk
a strong young Chinese boy student
7.一些特殊的句型
1) there is no point in doing sth.
该句型意为“做„是无济于事的／没有什么用的”。可以用very little或not much等来代替no。其中的point是不可数名词，作“目的”、“用处”解。
There is very little point in arguing with him.
2) have difficulty (or trouble) in doing sth.
该句型意为“做„有困难”。其中的in可以省略；其中的difficulty和trouble是不可数名词，不能有复数形式。也可以用there is difficulty(or trouble) in doing sth.表达相同的意思。
There was little difficulty in finding him.
3) keep (sb. or sth. ) busy doing sth.
该句型意为“使„一直忙着做某事”。需注意的是虽然busy with doing sth.和busy in doing sth.都是正确的，但考题中常考busy doing sth.句型。但如果busy后面跟的是名词，则要用busy with sth.。
We are busy preparing for the examination.
4) feel like doing sth.
该句型意为“想做某事”，且feel like后只能跟动名词，而不能跟动词不定式。此外，feel like后还可跟名词或代词，表示“想要某物”。
I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.
I feel like beer tonight
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