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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语题(一)

发布时间：2020-07-03   来源：文档文库   
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2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
模拟试题（一） Section 1
Use of English Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points
Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. 1 the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent 2 of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was 3 , or by whom. But it began to be 4 in the early 1900s. jazz is America’s contribution to 5 music. In contrast to classical music, which 6 formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, 7 moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz 8 like America, 9 it does today. The 10 of this music are as interesting as the music 11 , American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz 12 . They were brought to the Southern states 13 slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long 14 . When a Negro died, his friends and relatives 15 a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the 16 . On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. 17 on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their 18 , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played 19 music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes 20 at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz. 1.A）By B）At C）In D）On 2. A）music B）song C）melody D）style 3. A）discovered B）acted C）invented D）designed 4. A）noticed B）found C）listened D）heard 5. A）classical B）sacred C）popular D）light 6. A）forms B）follows C）approaches D）introduces 7. A）expressing B）explaining C）exposing D）illustrating 8. A）appeared B）felt C）seemed D）sounded 9. A）as B）so C）either D）neither 10. A）origins B）originals C）discoveries D）resources 11. A）concerned B）Itself C）available D）oneself 12. A）players B）followers C）fans D）pioneers 13. A）for B）as C）with D）by
14. A）months 15. A）demonstrated 16. A）demonstration 17. A）Even 18. A）number 19. A）sad 20. A）whistled B）weeks B）composed B）procession B）Therefore B）members B）solemn B）sung C）hours C）hosted C）body C）Furthermore C）body C）happy C）presented D）times D）formed D）march D）But D）relations D）funeral D）showed

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part
A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points
Text 1 The Sun has been strangely unblemished this year. On more than 200 days so far this year, no sunspots were spotted. That makes the Sun blanker this year than in any year since 1954, when it was spotless for 241 days. The Sun goes through a regular 11-year cycle, and it is now emerging from the quietest part of the cycle, or solar minimum. But even for this phase it has been unusually quiet, with little roiling of the magnetic fields that induce sunspots.
As of Thursday, the 276th day of the year, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colo., had counted 205 days without a sunspot. In another sign of solar quiescence, scientists reported last month that the solar wind, a rush of charged particles continually spewed from the Sun at a million miles an hour, had diminished to its lowest level in 50 years. Scientists are not sure why this minimum has been especially minimal, and the episode is even playing into the global warming debate. Some wonder if this could be the start of an extended period of solar indolence that would more than offset the warming effect of human-made carbon dioxide emissions. From the middle of the
17th century to the early 18th, a period known as the Maunder Minimum, sunspots were extremely rare, and the reduced activity coincided with lower temperatures in what is known as the Little Ice Age. Compared to the Maunder Minimum, the current pace of sunspots “makes it look like we're having a feast, not a famine,” Dr. Hathaway said. Scientists expect that sunspot activity will pick up in the coming months, but exactly what will happen next is open to debate. Dr. Hathaway had predicted two years ago, based on the Sun's behavior near the end of the last cycle, that the maximum this time would be ferocious. But many of the other competing predictions — more than 50 over all — pointed to a quieter-than-average cycle. The solar wind is another piece of the puzzle. The pressure exerted by the solar wind particles during the current minimum is about a quarter weaker than during the last solar minimum, Dr. McComas said, and scientists were still trying to figure out how all the data fits together. “There are a number of researchers who predict the next solar cycle,” he said. “There are also a number of investment counselors who predict the future of the stock market.”
21.From the first two paragraphs we can learn that ____. [A] the sun is dimmest this year since 1954 [B] the sun has been spotless for 276 days [C] this year, sunspots are fewest since 1954 [D] the velocity of solar wind had decreased 22.By saying “we're having a feast, not a famine” (Line 7, Paragraph 3, Dr. Hathaway
implies____ . [A] the spotlessness helps to reduce the CO2 emissions [B] the Maunder Minimum can bring about good harvest [C] current solar activity may be beneficial to the climate [D] in the Little Ice Age, starvation was not uncommon 23.The word “ferocious” (Line 3, Paragraph 4 most probably means____. [A] favorable [B] fierce [C] formidable [D] fertile 24.What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] The decreasing solar wind puzzled most scientists. [B] Currently the solar wind exerts the minimum amount of positive particles.
[C] Solar activities keep pace with the fluctuation of stock market.
[D] The sun activity of next period is unclear so far. 25.According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE? [A] Sunspots keep minimal this year but the significance is unclear. [B] Global warming takes root in minimum sunspots. [C] Sunspots have negative influence on human activities.
[D] Scientists are sure about the influence of solar activities on climate. Text 2 Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society should soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relations would not exist; in a world without friends or enemies, there would be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society's economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning would not bring enjoyment, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us — hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life — from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear, and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in
a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in penal acts. 26.The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _______.
[A] they would not be able to tell the texture of objects [B] they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them [C] they would not be happy with a life without love [D] they would do things that hurt each other's feelings 27.According to the passage, people's learning activities are possible because they _______. [A] enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing [B] know what is vital to the progress of the society [C] believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive [D] benefit from providing help and support to one another 28.It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _______. [A] the ability to make money [B] the will to work for pleasure [C] the capacity to enjoy incentives

[D] the categorizations of our emotional experiences 29.Emotions are significant for man's survival and adaptation because _______. [A] they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects [B] they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained [C] they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements [D] they generate more love than hate among people 30.The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _______. [A] help society exploit its members for profit [B] encourage us to perform important tasks [C] help to perfect the legal and penal system [D] help us to adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us

Text 3 Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we would benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years. While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reasons: the last thing you want is for your brain cells to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven't begun to specialize. Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells — brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations. But if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power. The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin. True cloning, as first shown with Dolly the sheep two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent. For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year. Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be true “miracle cure”.

31.The author believes that _______. [A] there will inevitably be human cloning in the coming year

[B] the potential to make healthy body tissues is undoubtedly a boon to human beings [C] it is illegal to clone any kind of creatures in the world [D] it is legal to clone any kind of creatures in the world except human 32.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this passage? [A] Nearly every cell in the human brain has the instructions to make a complete human.

[B] It is impossible for a cell in your nose to turn into a kidney. [C] It is possible to turn out healthy replacement tissues with isolated stem cells. [D] There will certainly appear some new kind of cloned animal in the near future. 33.According to this passage, _________ isn't a step involved in true cloning. [A] selecting a stem cell
[B] taking a developed cell [C] reactivating the genome within the developed cell [D] resetting the developmental instructions in the cell to its original state 34.The proper title for this passage should be__________. [A] Tomorrow's Tissue Factory [B] A Terrific Boon to Medicine [C] Human Cloning
[D] Genetic Research 35.What is the author's attitude towards human cloning? [A] It should be forbidden because it's illegal. [B] It may be difficult but may create a “miracle cure”. [C] It should be encouraged because it can cure disease. [D] It is legally and emotionally feasible but technically difficult.
Text 4 Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manger of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it. 36.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in_______. [A] the use of machines to produce science fiction [B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry [C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work [D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work 37.The word “gizmos” (Paragraph 2 most probably means_______. [A] programs [B] experts
[C] devices [D] creatures 38.According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot than can_______. [A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery [B] interact with human beings verbally [C] have a little common sense [D] respond independently to a changing world 39.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also_______. [A] make a few decisions for themselves [B] deal with some errors with human intervention [C] improve factory environments [D] cultivate human creativity 40.The author uses the example of monkey to argue that robots are_______. [A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure [B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately [C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information [D] best used in a controlled environment


Part
B Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps.

Shopping used to be nothing more than a way of obtaining food, clothing and other necessities of life. Today, however, shopping symbolizes the materialistic culture of western society and its popularity as a leisure activity reflects the rise of consumerism. (41___________. Having more money has meant spending patterns have changed. While traditional models of economic behavior assume that consumers are rational and weigh up the costs and benefits before making a purchase, anyone
who has ever walked into a shop and left five minutes later with a new jacket and 180 less in their wallet knows that this theory does not always hold true.
(42___________. Her research on consumer behavior identified impulsive buying as an attempt by shoppers to bolster their self-image, particularly for those who suffered from so-called compulsive buying or shopping addiction, a condition that affects 2 to 5 per cent of adults in the West. The three-year study compared excessive buyers to a similar group of ordinary consumers. Excessive shoppers were more materialistic and believed that buying goods was a pathway to success, happiness and identity. “Excessive buying is a coping strategy to fill the gaps between how shoppers feel about themselves and the person they want to be,” Dr Dittmar said. (43___________. Her research also reveals that certain types of goods are more likely to be bought on impulse than others. Those most frequently reported—clothes, jewellery, ornaments—are closely related to self-image and appearance. This finding is contrary to usual theories about impulse shopping, which explain it as a short-term gratification winning out over longer-term concerns such as debt. (44___________. In other words, shoppers were more willing to wait for “low impulse” goods such as kitchenware, than they were for clothes or other “high impulse” items. However, it was found that some of the 60 consumers asked to maintain a shopping diary for the study often regretted their impulsive purchases. Dr Dittmar said, “When people had explicitly bought for self-image reasons, regret was more likely to occur.”
But this finding was ambiguous because shopping addicts were more motivated by self-image than ordinary shoppers and were more likely to regret their actions. “It's not quite clear which way round this relationship goes, but there is a link between being very concerned with self-image goods and regretting impulse buying.” The conclusions drawn by Dr Dittmar about the treatment of compulsive shoppers are that prescribing anti-depressant drugs might solve the problem but only as long as sufferers continue to take them. Instead, they needed therapeutic help to address the underlying causes such as poor self-image. (45___________.“In no sense do these people directly force anyone to buy anything. But they are very sophisticated, making advertisements and shopping environments very seductive and playing on the idea that if you buy product X you will be much more attractive.”

[A] Dr Dittmar said that the idea that consumers' impulsiveness differed, depending on the type of goods, was also supported by the finding that shoppers were less
willing to delay gratification for items bought on impulse. [B] But there are pitfalls, such as debt and addiction to buying. Addicts shop for shopping's sake rather than to buy what they need. [C] Helga Dittmar, senior lecturer in psychology at Sussex University, has found that consumer goods are the material symbols of who a person is and who they would like to be. [D] Her research also raises questions over the methods used to attract shoppers and encourage them to buy. Although advertisers and retailers increasingly appeal to consumers' self-image, Dr Dittmar said it was very difficult to argue that these factors were responsible for compulsive shopping. [E] Although there were other ways of dealing with poor self-image, such as over-exercising or alcoholism, she said that shopping had become one of the most important strategies. This was especially true for women, who were three times more likely to be compulsive shoppers than men, as shopping was a socially approved activity, and allowed those who do not go out to work to get out of the house, Dr Dittmar said. [F] Women make the majority of buying decisions—estimates anywhere from 60-80% and growing. Despite these facts, some industries have created frustrating walls and barriers failing to cater to the buying characteristics women are looking for. [G] This has been made possible by the 75 per cent increase in disposable income in the past 20 years. The number of credit cards in use has more than quadrupled, and the amount of outstanding consumer debt has almost tripled in the same period.


Part C
By now, just about everyone has heard of string theory. Even those who don’t really understand it-which is to say, just about everyone-know that it’s the hottest thing in theoretical physics.

But despite its extraordinary popularity among some of the smartest people on the planet, string theory hasn’t been embraced by everyone-and now, nearly 30 years after it made its initial splash, some of the doubters are becoming more vocal. Skeptical bloggers have become increasingly critical of the theory. (46Mathematician Peter Woit and Professor Lee Smolin both argue that string theory (or superstring theory, as it is also know is largely a fad propped up by practitioners
who tend to be arrogantly dismissive of anyone who dare suggest that the emperor has no clothes.
There were good reasons for the theory’s appeal when it first emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At the time, physicists found themselves facing a crisis： The two most important ideas of 20th century physics, relativity and quantum theory were known to be fundamentally incompatible. Quantum theory describes the universe as intrinsically discontinuous: energy, for example, can come in bits just so small, but no smaller. Relativity treats time and space and gravity as a smooth, unbroken continuum. Each theory has its purpose, and the usually don’t overlap.(47But when dealing with large masses or time periods that are infinitesimally small, like the core of a black hole or the first moments after the Big Bang, neither quite works. So lots of physicists began working on string theory.
Since then, however, superstrings have proved a lot more complex than anyone expected. The mathematics is extremely tough, and when problems arise, the solutions often introduce yet another layer of complexity. (48Complexity isn’t necessarily the kiss of death in physics, but in this case the new, improved theory posits a nearly infinite number of different possible universes, with no way of showing that ours is more likely than any of the others.
That lack of specificity hasn’t slowed down the string folks. Maybe, they’ve argued, there really are an infinite number of universes-an idea that’s currently in fashion among some astronomers as well-and some version of the theory describes each of them. That means any prediction, however outlandish, has chance of being valid for at least one universe, and no prediction, however sensible, might be valid for all of them.
However, it is that absence of proof that is perhaps most damning. (49Physicists have a tolerance for theory；indeed， unless you were there to witness a phenomenon yourself-the Big Bang, say-it will always be, at some level, hypothetical. But the slow accretion of data and evidence eventually eliminates reasonable doubt. Not so-or at least not yet-with strings.
It’s true that nobody has any good idea of how to test string theory, but who’s to say someone won’t wake up tomorrow morning and think of one? (50The reason so many people keep working on it is that, whatever its flaws, the theory is still more promising than any other approach we have.

Section Ⅲ Writing


Part A 51.Directions：
You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books．Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for：

1detailed information about the books you want， 2methods of payment，
3time and way of delivery．

Part B 52.Directions：
Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing．In your essay, you should 1describe the drawing briefly，
2explain its intended meaning，and then 3give your comments．




模拟试题（一）答案精解
Section Ⅰ Use of English


1.B 本题首先考查词汇的惯用搭配，但能够形成搭配的选项不止一个。所以关键是要在文章已知信息中定位能够确定本填空答案的提示线索。这个线索就是后面的“when jazz was born”,这是一个时间点的概念，即“当爵士乐产生的时候”。因此，本填空与后文组成的词组必须是表示一个时间点，答案就只能是B）At,因为“At”表达的是一个时间点，而“At the turn of”表示“当……之初”。本题最大的干扰项A）By,“By the turn of”表示的是“到某个时间为止”。
2.D 本题考查的是考生对文章主线的准确把握。本文总述句提出了两个核心主题词Music和style,特别是“most countries have a style of their own”;而本填空讲的是“America had no prominent 2of its own”,明确提到了美国，并且讲的是美国自己的（own）;所以答案明显，应该是选项D）own. 本题也可以用无关词排除法解题，即根据文章主题词music和style,可以先把与中心主线关系远的两个选项B）song和C）melody排除。再根据上下文信息从剩余的两个选项中，选出更相近的选项D）style。
本题同时也可以运用复现结构法解题，首句提到“most countries have a style of their own”，而本填空讲的是“America had no prominent 2 of its own”。
3.C本题是典型的复现结构法或者对应成分分析法的题目。因为本填空之前出现了“when jazz (爵士乐was born”，而本填空明显是与已知词“born”形成复现呼应关系，即在四个选项中选择一个与“born”意思最相近的词，答案为Cinvented。
4.A本填空可以依据前一句中的提示线索定位，因为前一句的原文已知信息为“No one knows exactly when jazz was 3，or by whom．”，即“没有人知道爵士乐确切的产生时间以及由
谁创造”；然后本填空所在的句子为“But it began to be 4 in the early l900s．”，所以这里
很容易确定本填空的大体意思应该为“被注意到、为人所知”，这个顺序是：爵士乐先被发 明，之后被人所知；在四个选项中，最能够准确表达“被注意到、为人所知”的是选项A noticed。最大的干扰项是Bfound“被找到”，显然是不合适的。
5.C本填空可以通过上下句之间的逻辑关系加上对应成分分析法迅速确定答案。首先本填空所在的句子和下一句之间有明显的逻辑关系连接词“In contrast to classical music”；In contrast to表达的是一种对比关系，这样本填空就与“classical music”形成了相反的对应。而“classical music”是一种音乐形式，即“古典音乐”，与之对应的自然就是 “popular music'’，即“流行音乐”，答案为选项C 6.B本填空是典型的考查动词的题。从语法的角度来看，本填空出现在一个定语从句中，而且待选动词的主语在前一句中，即“classical music”；宾语为“formal European traditions"；
确定了主语和宾语，下面就是确定它们之间的关系以及用哪个动词能够最
恰当地连接。对 于音乐而言，traditions意为“传统”，音乐形式是应该跟随一种传统的，所以本填空最佳的选项应该为Bfollows(跟随、遵从；而Aforms表示“形成”，具体的音乐形式是遵从一种传统，而不是具体的音乐形式形成传统，所以错误；选项Capproaches、D introduces与本题意无关。
7.A本填空在原文已知信息中有明显的提示线索，前一句话“jazz is spontaneous and free-form”已经对爵士乐的特征进行了描述，即“spontaneous and free-form(即兴和不拘一格”。本填空所在句子的主语为代词n，指的就是jazz，而且本填空要求考生选择一个表达动作的分词，该分词的宾语为“moods，interests，and emotions of the people(人们的情绪、兴趣和情感”，所以四个选项中最佳的为选项Aexpressing(表达。选项Bexplaining(解 释、说明不合适；选项Cexposing犯了动宾搭配褒贬不一致的错误，因为exposing(曝光是贬义词，而宾语却是褒义词；Dillustrating(显示、说明也不符合本填空的意思。 8．D本填空也是考查动词的题。首先仍然是确定该动词的主语为“jazz”，后面的信息为“like America”，出现了美国；根据文章可知，爵士乐是荚国的代表音乐。音乐本来就是声音， 四个动词选项中自然是选项Dsounded最合适。这句话的大意是：爵士乐代表着美国。 9．A本填空考查了一个英文中的固定常用句型，答案为选项Aas，即as it does today；并且从语法上看，如果选其他三个选项Bso、Ceither、Dneither，句子应该倒装。 10.A本填空出现在一个of结构中，而该of结构表达的是所属关系。本填空所在的句子又是第二段的首句，为对第二段的总述。我们只要读一下后面分述中的信息就会发现谈论的是爵
士乐的起源，由此确定本填空需要填入的是“这种音乐的起源”，最佳选项为Aorigins (起源。干扰项BOriginals作为名词更多的是表示“原创”。其他选项Cdiscoveries(发现、Dresources(资源均不合适。 11，B本填空考查反身代词的用法。首先从本填空所处的句子来看：“The 10 of this music are as interesting as the music11”，即“这种音乐的起源与其本身一样有趣”。此句中的this music与the music指的都是爵士乐，因此应使用反身代词Bitself；干扰项Doneself是代词one的反身代词；而选项Aconcerned和Cavailable与本题要表述的意思无关。 12．D本填空需要考生对原文信息准确把握。从表面上看，四个选项在语法、意义上都可以，但我们需要从中选出最符合原文的选项。本填空所在的第二段的首句是总述句，已经概括出
了本段的主题是谈论爵士乐的origins(起源。如果考生准确把握了这个主题，本题目的答： 案明显是选项Dpioneers(先锋、先驱者，因为只有这个选项与本段主题最相关。既然是 谈论origins(起源，当然最可能提到这种音乐的“始作俑者”，即pioneers(先锋、先驱者。其他几个选项均不如pioneers准确。本题目是一道可以应用无关词排除法解出的题目。 13．B本填空考查了介词的惯用法，答案是选项Bas，此处为“作为(奴隶”。
14．C从原文信息很容易判断出本填空需要填入表示“长时间”的内容，关键是在四个选项中确定哪个最能准确表达“长时间”的意思。首先，选项Dtimes不行， 因为time作可数名词，意为“次数”；而选项Amonths和Bweeks被long修饰在意思上是讲不通的；只有
选项Chours，long hours在英文中常表示“长时间”，所以是最佳选项。
15．D本填空考查动词，而关键的线索是宾语procession(送葬队伍，四个选项中能够与此宾语搭配，构成“组成送葬队伍”的只能是选项Dformed；其他选项Bcomposed更多的是 指“创作一篇作文(写作文、作曲，或者构成一些抽象事物”；选项Ademonstrated(示威、
演示和Chosted(主办、举办均不合适。
16．B本填空是简单的复现结构，因为前一句已经明确给出了procession(送葬队伍，此处只是将该词复现一次，形成复现结构而已，答案自然是选项B）procession. 17.D 本题目考查上下文逻辑关系。很容易判断出逻辑关系为转折，答案应该为D）But. 18.B 本填空也是利用前后句之间的对应成分分析确定答案。因为前句为“Death had removed one of their 18”,而后句为“but the living were glad to be alive”。这里the living指的是“活着的人”，对应前一句的“Death”。不难判断出前一句的意思是说“死亡已经夺走了他们之中的一员，但活着的人为自己还活着感到高兴”，所以四个选项中B）members最为合适，其他选项为此填空均无关系。
19.C 本填空只要能够从17题的答案But所确定的转折关系判断出倾向就可以迅速确定答案。But已经确定了其后文的倾向与之前的“The band played slow, solemn（缓慢的、庄重的）music suited to the occasion.”是相反的，所以这里乐队一定是演奏欢快的乐曲，答案自然是选项C）happy(欢快的、高兴的。本题也可以看做是一道同现结构的题止，即只要把握填空所在意群的基本倾向就可以定位答案，答案为与主体倾向一致的选项。
20.C 本填空考查被动语态形式的动词。解题关键还是确定宾语，定位出“harmony and the melody of the tunes”；既然宾语是曲调，曲调是被演奏的，四个选项中表达这个概念的是C）presented;其他选项A）whistled(吹口哨，选项B）sung（演唱）和D）showed(展示均不合适。

[全文翻译]

音乐有许多形式，大多数的国家都有各自的音乐风格。在世纪之交，爵士乐产生的时候，美国音乐还没有自己的明显风格。没有人准确地知道爵士乐产生的时间及创始人，但是它在20世纪初期就开始引人注目。爵士乐是美国对流行音乐的贡献。与遵从正统欧洲传统的古典音乐不同，爵士乐是即兴的、不拘一格的。它洋溢着力量，表现人们的情绪、兴趣与激情。在20世纪20年代爵士乐就代表了美国，就像它今天那样。
爵士乐的起源与其本身一样有趣。美国黑奴或者说黑人(这是他们今天的称呼是爵士乐的先驱。他们最初被运送到南部各州为奴。他们被卖给种植园主并且被迫长时间劳动。当一名黑奴死去，他的朋友和亲属就组成送葬队伍将他的尸体送往墓地。在新奥尔良，乐队常常跟随着送葬队伍。在去往墓地的路上，乐队演奏与现场气氛相符合的、缓慢的、庄重的音乐。但是在回来的路上，气氛就改变了，人们精神振奋了。死亡已经夺走了他们中的一员，但活着的人庆幸自己还活着。乐队演奏起欢快的乐曲，即兴表演在葬礼上演奏的和谐曲调。这种音乐令每个人想翩翩起舞。这就是初期的爵士乐。


Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part
A

Text 1 一、文章题材结构分析
这是一篇关于天文学的科技文献。本文说明了太阳黑子活动平静及太阳风强度极小的现象，并引述了天文学家对此现象的分析。前两段描述现象，说明太阳表面活动处于宁静期；第三、四、五段指明科学家们对此现象所做出的预测彼此不一，最后指明尚且没有定论。
二、试题解析
21．【答案】
C From the first two paragraphs we can learn that ____.
[A] the sun is dimmest this year since 1954
从前两段我们可以得知____。

[A] 自1954年以来，今年太阳最为黯淡

[B] 已经有276天没有太阳黑子活动了

[B] the sun has been spotless for 276 days
[C] this year, sunspots are fewest since [C] 自1954年以来，今年的太阳黑子1954
[D] the velocity of solar wind had decreased

【考点】事实细节
【解析】此题考查对文章中相关细节的理解。问题问的是从前两段可以得知什么，这种题事实上是一种开放式文体，需要辨别每一个选项的正确性。根据题干的信息我们锁定前两段：首段说明今年的太阳表面明亮无暇，200多天来，在太阳表面未发现黑子活动，这使得今年成为自1954年以来太阳表面最平静的一年。第二段说明太阳风的强度已经降低到了50年以来的最低值，这也是太阳宁静态的一个标志。正确选项应该与这样的主旨信息一致。从微观线索来看，第一段的“that makes the Sun blanker this year than in any year since 1954”就道明了这一现象，文中的“the Sun blanker…than in any year”就对应了活动最为平静

[D] 太阳风的风速已经减缓了


选项C中的“sunspots are fewest”。综合这些宏观线索和微观线索，可知选项C正是对这些内容的概括，因此选项C正确。
干扰项分析：选项A中的“最为黯淡（dimmest）”是对文中“blanker...than in any year...（比任何一年都平静）”的错误理解，文中blank（空白的）指的是没有太阳黑子活动，与明暗无关。选项B是断章取义的内容，原文第二段首句讲的是“到本年度第276天为止，共计205天无太阳黑子活动”。选项D偷换了概念，从第二段可知，太阳风减弱到了50年的最小值（the solar wind...had diminished to its lowest level in 50 years），不见得是速度减小。具体地说，太阳风的粒子速度没有变化，仍然是每小时百万英里，只是粒子量减小了。
22．【答案】
C By saying “we’re having a feast, not a famine” (Paragraph 3, Dr. Hathaway implies ____.
文中第三段哈特威博士所说的话意味着____。

[A] the spotlessness helps to reduce the [A] 太阳黑子活动沉寂有助于减少二CO2 emissions
[B] the Maunder Minimum can bring about good harvest
[C] current solar activity may be beneficial to the climate
[D] in the Little Ice Age, starvation was not uncommon

【考点】推理判断
【解析】此题考查考生根据上下文理解句子的能力。解答此类问题不可只看字面含义，需要结合句子所在段落的语境和主旨来考察各个选项。本段主旨是“科学家们不能确定该反常谷值期的原因，并探讨这种现象对全球变暖的影响”。本段通过当前太阳活动和蒙德极小期的对照来阐述哈特威博士的观点：蒙德极小期伴随着低温天气，可以补偿全球变暖的不利气候因素，因此当前太阳活动的影响是良性的（we’re having a feast, not a famine）。所以选项C正确。
干扰项分析：选项A是东拼西凑的答案，原文讲述的是“当前太阳黑子活动沉寂可能会对全球变暖起补偿作用，全球变暖是人类排放二氧化碳所致”，选项A断章取义地拼合了上述信息，与原文不符。氧化碳排放

[B] 蒙德极小期会带来好收成

[C] 当前的太阳活动可能对气候有利

[D] 在小冰期，饥饿随处可见


选项B中的“好收成（good harvest）”在文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有的干扰项。选项D中的starvation虽然与famine意思相近，但饥荒与小冰期的关系在原文中没有提及。
23．【答案】
B The word “ferocious” (Paragraph 4 most 单词“ferocious”（第四段）的含义最可probably means____.
[A] favorable [B] fierce
[C] formidable
[D] fertile

【考点】词汇短语
【解析】此题考查根据语境判断生词的含义。ferocious是超纲词汇，对它的理解依赖上下文的线索。从宏观线索来看，本段讲的是科学家们对太阳活动情况的预测，ferocious应该是对太阳活动状况的描述。从微观线索来看，本段将哈特威博士的预期（would be ferocious）和其他不同预期（a quieter-than-average cycle）进行对比，因此ferocious应该是quiet的对立概念。综合考虑这些宏观和微观的线索，可以判断选项B正确。
干扰项分析：基于上述分析，选项A、C和D都无法与下文的quiet构成反义，也无法与主题呼应。
能是____。

[A] 宜人的；有利的

[B] 剧烈的；激烈的；猛烈的

[C] 强大的；可怕的

[D] 肥沃的；富饶的

24．【答案】D What can we infer from the last paragraph?
从最后一段我们能推断出什么？

[A] The decreasing solar wind puzzled [A] 太阳风减弱使得多数科学家感到most scientists.
疑惑。

[B] Currently the solar wind exerts the [B] 目前太阳风携带的正电荷离子量minimum amount of positive particles. 最低。


[C] Solar activities keep pace with the fluctuation of stock market.

[C] 太阳活动和股市的波动保持同步。

[D] The sun activity of next period is [D] 下一周期的太阳活动情况迄今还unclear so far.

【考点】推理判断
【解析】此题考查基于原文的多处细节的推理及理解句子之间关系的能力，着重考查考生对末段信息的综合理解。第五段前两句讲的是科学家们仍然在极力解释太阳风所带来的困惑；第五段末句引用了麦考莫斯博士的话“有很多研究者在预言太阳的下一个活动周期，也有很多投资顾问在预言股市的未来（There are...researchers who predict the next solar cycle, ...There are also ... counselors who predict the future of the stock market）”，将对太阳活动周期的预测和对股市未来的预测进行类比。综合这些信息可以得知，目前关于太阳活动的种种预测尚无定论，作这种预测（predict the next solar cycle）就像预测股市的前景（predict the future of the stock market），不能得出明确的论断。因此选项D正确。 干扰项分析：选项A偷换概念，其中的“太阳风强度减弱（the decreasing solar）”与原文内容“太阳风粒子压力（The pressure exerted by the solar wind particles...is...weaker）”不符；即使两个可以等同，选项A的概念也是未经推理的信息，不能作为推理题的正确答案。选项B所述的“正电荷粒子（positive particles”属于无中生有的概念。选项C中提到的关系在原文中不能得到印证。因此选项A、B、C错误。
不明确。

25．【答案】
A According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE?
根据文章，下列哪一项陈述是正确的？

[A] Sunspots keep minimal this year but [A] 今年太阳黑子活动不频繁，但其影the significance is unclear.
响如何尚不明确。

[B] Global warming takes root in [B] 全球变暖的根源在于太阳黑子活minimum sunspots.
动不频繁。

[C] Sunspots have negative influence on [C] 太阳黑子活动对人类活动有不利human activities. 影响。



[D] Scientists are sure about the [D] 科学家们已经研究清楚了太阳活influence of solar activities on climate.

【考点】推理判断
【解析】此题考查对文章主旨及其中相关细节的理解。这篇天文学的科技文献说明了太阳黑子活动平静及太阳风强度极小的现象，并引述了天文学家对此现象的分析。前两段描述现象，说明太阳表面活动处于宁静期；第三、四、五段指明科学家们对此现象所做出的预测彼此不一，最后指明暂且没有定论。综合考虑这些内容，只有选项A是对文章全面的、正确的概括。
干扰项分析：选项B与文中的“人类排放的二氧化碳导致全球变暖（warming effect of human-made carbon dioxide emissions）”违背；选项C与主题违背，从第三段来看，太阳黑子极小期对地球的影响都陷于猜测（wonder...coincided with...look like...）,而不像选项C描述的那么绝对；选项D的错误与选项C相似；因此选项B、C、D要排除。
动对气候的影响作用。

三、核心词与超纲词
unblemished a. 无瑕疵的 phase n. 阶段，相位 spew v. 喷涌
episode n. 一段情节，一段插曲 famine n. 饥荒 counselor n. 顾问
四、长难句分析
sunspot n. 太阳黑子 roil vt. 激励，激发 diminish vi. 减小，变少 indolence n. 懒散，不活跃 ferocious a. 激烈的，凶猛的
1.That makes the Sun blanker this year than in any year since 1954, when it was spotless for 241 days. 【解析】这是一个复合句。主句的主干是that makes the Sun blanker...，when所引导的从句为定语从句，when相当于in which。本句中的部分词汇在翻译时需要根据语境适当引申，如blank，不能直接翻译为“空白的”，而是“无太阳黑子活动的”；再如spotless在本句中不能直接翻译为“无瑕疵的”或“没有污点的”，该词在句中也指“无太阳黑子活动的”。
【译文】这使得今年成为自1954年以来太阳表面最平静的一年，而在1954年，连续241天没有太阳黑子活动。
2.In another sign of solar quiescence, scientists reported last month that the solar wind, a rush of charged particles continually spewed from the Sun at a million miles an hour,
had diminished to its lowest level in 50 years. 【解析】这是一个复合句。句子的主干是...scientists reported...that...。that后的从句为宾语从句；该从句中有冗长的插入语a rush of charged particles continually spewed from the Sun at a million miles an hour，这个成分由一个名词词组构成，是the solar wind的同位语。由于插入内容过于冗长，翻译时可适当调整语序，再用代词总结冗长成分，可以使句子含义更加清晰。
【译文】太阳风是以每小时一百万英里的速度从太阳持续吹来的带电粒子，科学家们上个月报告说，太阳风的强度已经降低到了50年以来的最低值，这也是太阳宁静态的一个标志。
3.Some wonder if this could be the start of an extended period of solar indolence that would more than offset the warming effect of human-made carbon dioxide emissions. 【解析】这是一个复杂的复合句。句子的主干是some wonder...。if引导的是宾语从句，是wonder的内容；that引导的是定语从句，修饰solar indolence。该句定语从句冗长，结构复杂，翻译时最好用分译法。
【译文】有些科学家想知道这种状况是否意味着太阳沉寂期开始延长，并足以抵消人类带来的二氧化碳排放所造成的温室效应。
五、全文翻译
今年的太阳表面明亮无瑕，令人诧异。今年200多天以来，在太阳表面未发现黑子活动。这使得今年成为自1954年以来太阳表面最平静的一年，而在1954年，连续241天没有太阳黑子活动。太阳每11年经历一个黑子活动周期，现在它正从最平静的阶段——谷值年——走向活跃。但是，即使在这一阶段，太阳却异常的平静，引起太阳黑子活动的激励磁场也比较微弱。
到星期四为止，即今年的第276天，国家海洋和大气管理局的科罗拉多州博尔德气象预报中心已经累计了本年度的第205个无黑子活动日。太阳风是以每小时一百万英里的速度从太阳持续吹来的带电粒子，科学家们上个月报告说，太阳风的强度已经降低到了50年以来的最低值，这也是太阳宁静态的一个标志。
科学家们还不能确认该谷值年特别宁静的原因，甚至在讨论这一状况和全球变暖的关系。有些科学家想知道这种状况是否意味着太阳沉寂期开始延长，并足以抵消人类带来的二
17世纪中叶到18世纪初这段时间被称为蒙德极小期，氧化碳排放所造成的温室效应。其间太阳黑子活动非常稀少，并且在小冰期内这种低频的黑子活动巧遇了降温现象。与蒙德极小期相比，当前的黑子活动频度“使我们更像是在过节，而不是经历饥荒” ，哈特威博士说。
科学家们预计下个月太阳黑子活动会恢复，但随后会怎样，大家看法不一。两年以前，哈特威博士在研究上一周期末期太阳活动的基础上，预计本周期峰值年会非常剧烈。但另外50多种不同的预言认为本周期太阳活动会比正常水平更加平静。
另一个疑团是太阳风。该谷值期太阳风粒子压力值比上一个谷值期低四分之一，麦考莫斯博士说，科学家们仍然在努力对所有数据进行综合解释。“有很多研究者在预言太阳的下一个活动周期，”他说，“也有很多投资顾问在预言股市的未来。”

Text 2 一、文章题材结构分析
本文是一篇以人类情感为题材的议论文。第一段主要从人类的生存、学习、社会、人际关系、经济基础等方面设想了如果世上没有情感的后果。第二段对情感下定义，并分别从个人角度和社会角度进一步论述了情感是人类生存和应变的基本手段这一论点，即个人以情感为基础存活于社会，而社会利用情感反作用于个人。
二 、试题解析
26.【答案】B The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that_______.
[A] they would not be able to tell the texture of objects
如果没有情感，人类很可能无法生存的原因是_______。

[A] 他们将无法判断物体的质地


[B] they would not know what was beneficial [B] 他们将无法判断什么对他们有and what was harmful to them
利，什么对他们有害

[C] they would not be happy with a life [C] 如果没有爱，他们将生活得很without love
不快乐

[D] they would do things that hurt each [D] 他们将会做一些伤害彼此感情other's feelings

【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据第一段第三句“people might not be able to stay alive：...they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial”，句中的冒号具有解释功能，因此冒号后面的句子是对其前面句子的解释，“反复地做伤害自己的事情就如同做有利于自己的事情一样”，即无法鉴别利害关系，所以选项B为正确答案。
干扰项分析：首先从各项分析，选项A属于推理错误，因为从第二段可知判断物体质地属于物理性质方面，与情感无直接联系。而选项C、D属于过度推理。选项C涉及love在原文没有对应内容，属于主观臆断。选项D中feelings也属于语义范围缩小，原文只提到伤害彼此。从与题干的关系分析，这几项均不是影响生存问题的直接原因。
的事

27.【答案】A According to the passage, people's learning activities are possible because they ________.
[A] enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing
根据文章，人们的学习行为之所以成为可能的原因是他们________。

[A] 做正确的事可以获得相应的奖励

[B] know what is vital to the progress of [B] 知道什么对社会的进步才是至关the society [C]
believe that emotions are 重要的

[C] 相信情感才是维系生存的核心

fundamental for them to stay alive
[D] benefit from providing help and [D] 在帮助和支持别人的同时能够从support to one another

【考点】推理判断
本题可依据冒号表示原因这一点进行推理。根据第一段第四句“They could not learn: they could 【解析】not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments（由于人们的行为得不到相应的奖惩，人们无法从经历中受益，因此人们就无法学习、进步）”。按照逻辑推理逆命题成立，所以人们会有学习的行为，就要对其得体行为进行鼓励，因而选项A符合题意。 干扰项分析：选项B、C、D看似合理，但实则均属于主观臆断，与题干无直接联系。
中受益

28.【答案】C It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on ______.
[A] the ability to make money

[B] the will to work for pleasure
[C] the capacity to enjoy incentives
[D] the categorizations of our emotional experiences

【考点】推理判断
【解析】本题涉及冒号表示原因的功能。根据原文“Society’s economic underpinnings would be destroyed:..For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them”，反之推理，社会的经济支柱要靠人们挣钱的收入，而人们愿意挣钱是因为有工作动力，而工作动力就是能在情感上享受工作的能力，所以推知社会的经济基础依赖享受工作动力的能力。
干扰项分析：此题中选项A、B的干扰性都较强，因为money和pleasure都是工作动力之一。但值得注根据文章推断，社会的经济支柱取决于______。

[A] 赚钱能力

[B] 为享乐而工作的意愿

[C] 享受工作动力的能力

[D] 对情感经历的分类


意的是，相比较于选项C，选项A和B的表达过于肤浅，选项C可以概括选项A、B，而选项C和第一段结论性的最后两句意思恰好相符。
29.【答案】B Emotions are significant for man’s survival ________.
and adaptation because 情感对人类生存和应变十分重要的原因是_____。

[A] they provide the means by which [A] 情感能够为人们判断物体的大小people view the size or shape of objects 和形状提供依据

[B] they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained

[B] 情感是社会赖以维持的社会认同感的基础

[C] they encourage people to perform [C] 情感能够激励人们去做见义勇为dangerous achievements
的事

[D] they generate more love than hate [D] 情感能使人与人之间产生更多的among people

【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据第二段前半部分：情感是我们生存、应变的基本手段，因为它以很重要的方式构建了我们的世界。具体地说，从个人角度看，它为我们提供了划分事物的基础；从社会角度看，对事物的情感经历产生了对事物行为好与坏的社会认同感，社会靠这种认同感来维持。综合而言，情感是社会赖以维持的社会认同感的基础，因此对我们的生存、应变十分重要。所以选项B正确。

爱而不是恨

30.【答案】D The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they_____________.
事物的情感方面之所以比其物理方面更为重要是因为________。

[A] help society exploit its members for [A] 有助于社会为其成员谋取利益

profit
[B] encourage us to perform important tasks
[C] help to perfect the legal and penal system

[B] 激励我们去做重要的事情

[C] 有助于完善法律和刑罚机制

[D] help us to adapt our behavior to the [D] 有助于我们的行为适应于外界环world surrounding us

【考点】推理判断
【解析】根据论点和论据的关系来推理。第二段的论点是：情感是我们生存、应变的重要手段。随后，事物的情感方面对我们来说比其物理方面更为重要是展开论述点的部分。由此推断，事物的情感方面之所以比其物理方面更为重要，是因为前者有助于我们的生存和应变。选项D表述的正是事物的情感方面对人类应变的帮助，所以是正确答案。
干扰项分析：选项A、B、C均合理，但就题干而言，回答过于片面。选项B干扰性较强，看似也是一种概括的说法，但也只是人类情感一方面的体现。
境

三、核心词与超纲词
affection n. 爱情 adaptation n. 适应
categorization n. 分类，归类 penal a. 刑罚的，惩罚的
四、长难句分析
bond n. 纽带

survival n. 生存 engage in 从事，参与
underpin vt. 加强，巩固，构成（基础等） incentive n. 激励，鼓励
1.True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us — hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. 【解析】总体而言，该句主干是由but连接的平行结构的句子，而but后的句子中也包含一个由what引导的宾语从句作介词than的宾语。句中破折号的作用是解释说明，其后四个并列动词短语是对前面what it has done or can do to us的具体解释。

【译文】的确，我们能判断一件物体的长度，形状，大小或质地，但其物理方面的影响并没有比它对我们已经产生的或者即将产生的影响更大——伤害我们，让我们吃惊，让我们生气或让我们高兴。
2.Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life — from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. 【解析】该句句型总体是由but连接的两个并列的复合句。前半句谓语comes置于主语a social feeling of agreement之前，该句属主谓完全倒装，而在主语a social feeling of agreement之后 that引导其同位语从句；后半句主干谓语是apply... to...，而破折号之后from...to...是对every aspect of our social life的具体解释, 并由what，how，which引导的从句作介词宾语。
【译文】社会认同感源于我们对事物和事件的感情体验，就是将某些事件和行为确定为“好”而其他是“坏”的，我们用这些区分社会生活中的每件事——从我们吃什么，我们穿什么，怎么兑现承诺到我们会接受哪种人。
3.It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in penal acts. 此句是较长较复杂的复合句。首先分析总体句型，主语it后的三个谓语动词gives..., makes...and 【解析】uses...是并列关系，其中it指代的是society。其次逐一分析各分句，其中who perform important tasks such as surgery作individuals的定语从句；make...out of ...意为“把……变成，使……成为”，而for...in a war部分作individuals的后置定语。
它给予那些从事重要工作如外科手术的人高额回报，将那些从事像在战场上驾驶战斗机这样危险【译文】工作的个人奉为出众的英雄，并且运用人们对法律和刑罚机制的恐惧来限制人们的不良行为。
五、全文翻译
如果一个世界上突然没了情感，一个世界的人类既感觉不到爱或快乐，也感觉不到恐惧和憎恨，设想一下这种转变的后果。人类很可能无法生存：既不懂得高兴和满足，也不了解忧虑和恐惧，他们可能反复地做伤害自己的事情就如同做有利于自己的事情一样。他们无法学习：他们不能从经验中获益，因为没有情感的世界同样没有奖赏和惩罚。社会将很快消失：人们很可能互相伤害就如同互相帮助和支持。人际关系将不复存在：世界上没了朋友和敌人，没有婚姻，同伴之间没有感情，群体的成员之间也没有纽带。社会经济基础彻底瓦解：因为赚钱不会带来快乐，劳动就不会有任何动机。事实上，在这个世界里将不会有任何形式的动
机，因为就如我们所见，动机意味着有能力去享受。
在这样的世界上，人类存活下来的几率几乎是零，因为情感是我们存活和适应的最基本条件。情感以一种最重要的形式组成我们的世界。作为个体，我们以情感基础分类事物。正确来说，我们能判断长度，形状，大小或质地，但一件物体的物理性质方面的影响并没有比它对我们已经产生的或者即将产生的影响更大，它可能会伤害我们，让我们吃惊，让我们生气或让我们高兴。我们在家庭、社区和整个社会也用情感来区别事物。社会认同感源于我们对事物和事件的感情体验，就是将某些事件和行为确定为“好”而其他是“坏”的，我们将这些分类标准应用于社会生活中的每件事——从我们吃什么，我们穿什么，怎么兑现承诺到我们会接受哪种人。事实上，社会利用了我们的情感反应和态度，诸如忠实，道德，羞愧，罪恶，恐惧和贪婪来维持自身，它给予那些从事重要工作如外科手术的人高额回报，将那些从事像在战场上驾驶战斗机这样危险工作的个人奉为出众的英雄，运用人们对法律和刑罚机制的恐惧来限制人们的不良行为。

Text 3 一、文章题材结构分析
本文主要介绍基因在医学方面的研究与应用，包括基因疗法、基因类药物应用以及克隆技术等等。作者首先提出随着人们对基因科学认识的深化，我们从中受益匪浅，接下来又谈及与其相关的克隆技术。于是作者又向我们介绍了有关克隆技术的形成过程及其应用。它不仅可应用于动物，也同样适用于农业生产。而对于人类来说，克隆将成为未来人们研究的一个问题。
二、试题解析
31.【答案】B The author believes that _________.
[A] there will inevitably be human cloning in the coming year
[B] the potential to make healthy body tissues is undoubtedly a boon to human beings
作者相信______。

[A] 克隆人类必将会出现

[B] 制造出健康人体组织的潜能无疑会给人类带来好处

[C] it is illegal to clone any kind of [C] 克隆任何生物都是不合法的

creatures in the world

[D] it is legal to clone any kind of [D] 除了人类之外，克隆任何生物都是creatures in the world except human

【考点】推理判断
【解析】此题考查根据原文多处细节的推理及理解句子之间关系的能力。由最后一段可知克隆人是一个极其复杂的过程，且受法律和情感制约，所以选项A不正确；由第三段第一句以及第三句可知这种潜能会给医学带来希望，表明B代表作者意图；由文章第五段可知克隆技术运用得当可以极大地促进科学发展，因此选项C错误；选项D文中并未提到这一点。故答案为选项B。
合法的

32.【答案】B Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this passage?
[A] Nearly every cell in the human brain has the instructions to make a complete human.
[B] It is impossible for a cell in your nose to turn into a kidney.
[C] It is possible to turn out healthy replacement tissues with isolated stem cells.

[D] There will certainly appear some new kind of cloned animal in the near future.

【考点】事实细节
根据文章，下列哪种说法是不正确的？

[A] 几乎人脑内每一个细胞都有发展成一个完整的人的密码指令。

[B] 鼻细胞不可能转化为肾细胞。

[C] 有可能用独立的干细胞培育出健康的移植器官。

[D] 在不久的将来，一定会出现一些新品种的克隆动物。


【解析】此题考查对原文相关细节的准确理解。文章第二段第一句可知选项A是正确的。由文章第二段第一句可知选项B是不符合文章内容的。由第三段第三句可知选项C也正确。由第六段最后一句可知选项D也正确。
33.【答案】A ______不是克隆的步骤According to this passage, ___isn't a step 根据文章内容，involved in true cloning.
[A] selecting a stem cell
[B] taking a developed cell
[C] reactivating the genome within the developed cell [D]
【考点】事实细节
【解析】此题考查对原文相关细节的准确理解。文章第五段第二句说，真正的克隆过程包括：提取一个已发育的细胞并重新激活其内部的基因组，同时将其发育指令重调到初始状态。由此可知选项B、C、D均可在文中找出相应内容。而选项A文中并未提到。
之一。

[A] 选择干细胞

[B] 提取一个发育了的细胞

[C] 重新激活细胞里的基因组

resetting the developmental [D] 把细胞中的发育指令重新调整到
instructions in the cell to its original state 初始的状态
34.【答案】A The proper title for this passage should be ______.
[A] Tomorrow's Tissure Factory
[B] A Terrific Boon to Medicine
[C] Human Cloning
本文的题目应为______。

[A] 未来的器官工业

[B] 对医学的极大恩惠

[C] 人类克隆


[D] Genetic Research

【考点】主旨大意
[D] 基因研究

【解析】此题考查对文章主旨和框架的理解。根据文章大意可知本文主要是介绍用细胞培育出可供替换用的健康移植器官的可能性，因此选项A符合文章中心。而选项B、C只是文中的一个片面，不能概括全文。选项D过于笼统，不具体。
35.【答案】B What is the author’s attitude towards human cloning?
[A] It should be forbidden because it's illegal.

作者对于克隆人的态度如何？

[A] 因为是非法的，所以应该禁止。

[B] It may be difficult but may create a [B] 可能很难，但是可能创造出一种神“miracle cure”.

[C] It should be encouraged because it can cure disease.
奇疗法。

[C] 因为可以治病，所以应该鼓励。

[D] It is legally and emotionally feasible [D] 法律和情感上是可行的，但是技术but technically difficult.

【考点】语气态度
【解析】此题考查作者的观点态度。题干问作者对克隆人的态度如何。选项A、C、D或是不符合文章的内容，或是太片面。只有选项B为正确答案。
上很困难。

三、核心词与超纲词
mainstream n. 主流 cardiac a. 心脏的
genome n. [生] 基因组，染色体组
Alzheimer’s n. 早老性痴呆病 pancreatic a. 胰腺的 pristine a. 原始的，纯朴的

rejuvenate v. 使恢复活力，（使）复原 full-fledged a. 发育完全的，成熟的 menagerie n. 动物群
四、长难句分析
The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. the ability…could give doctors exactly the same advantages…-这是一个复合句。句子的主干是：【解析】。to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state作定语修饰主语the ability，they would get from stem cells是定语从句，修饰宾语advantages。the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease为同位语从句来解释说明the same advantages。
【译文】把身体细胞重新调整到原始的、未发育的状态的能力可能为医生带来他们从干细胞中能够获得的同样好处：即有可能培育出各种各样的健康的人体器官，从而利用这些器官治病。
五、全文翻译
基因治疗和基因药物是我们能够从不断增长的遗传科学知识中获得利益的两种方式。但是，也会有其他方式。这里所说的是处于遗传研究前沿的典型疗法之一，未来几年，这些疗法会发展成为主流医学。
虽然人体内几乎每个细胞都带有发育成一个完整人体的指令，但是大多数指令并未被激活，理由十分充分：你最不希望的事情就是你的脑细胞开始分泌胃酸，或是你的鼻子发育成肾脏。细胞真正可能发育成身体的任何或所有器官的唯一时刻就是怀孕的早期，那时所谓的干细胞还没有开始分化。
然而，对于医学来说，这种未被利用的潜能可能是一个极大的恩惠。大多数疾病与健康细胞的死亡有关——简单列举一些，如老年痴呆病中的脑细胞、心脏病中的心脏细胞、糖尿病中的胰腺细胞。如果医生能够分离干细胞，控制这些细胞的发育，那么他们就可能为病人提供健康的移植器官。
这样做的难度非常大，但是去年秋天，威斯康星州大学的科学家们设法分离了干细胞，并使这些细胞发育成神经细胞、内脏细胞、肌肉细胞和骨骼细胞。这一过程还不能被控制，并且该过程还可能有不可预见的局限性。但是如果能证实致力于了解并控制干细胞发育的努力是成功的，那么医生将会拥有一种威力无比的治疗手段。
这同样适用于克隆——事实上，克隆正好与之相反。就像两年前克隆羊“多利”首次展示的那样，真正的克隆涉及这些方面：提取一个发育了的细胞、重新激活细胞里面的基因组、重新设置其发育指令使其恢复到原始状态。一旦这些事情发生了，恢复活力的细胞就会发育成一个成熟的动物，该动物在基因上与其父（母）完全相同。
对于农业来说，像奶牛产奶或肉猪产低脂肪肉这些纯自然的属性具有真正的商业价值，几年内，生物学方面的克隆就会成为司空见惯的事情。就像伊恩·威尔马特克隆“多利”一样，去年科学家们克隆出了老鼠和奶牛，明年，其它的动物也一定会加入到克隆动物的行列中来。 另一方面，克隆人可能在技术上可行，但是在法律和情感上却难以接受。不过，总有一天克隆人会变成现实的。把身体细胞重新调整到原始、未发育的状态的能力可能为医生带来他们从干细胞中能够获得的同样好处：即有可能培育出各种各样的健康的人体器官，从而利用这
些器官治病。这可能会被证明是真正的“神奇疗法”。

Text 4 一、文章题材结构分析
本文是一篇有关机器人科学和人类劳动题材的文章。第一段讲述了人类通过创造力促进了机器人科学的产生；第二段描述了通过各种现象表明智能机器如何影响着现代社会；第三段为过渡段，通过转折的语气说明智能机器的局限性；最后一段表明人类大脑具备先进计算机系统所不具备的惊人的感知能力。
二、试题解析
36.【答案】C Human
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry

ingenuity was initially 人类的心灵手巧的创造力最初体现在_______。

[A] 使用机器来制造科幻

demonstrated in_______. [B] 在制造业广泛使用机器

[C] the invention of tools for difficult [C] 发明用来处理困难和危险工作的and dangerous work

工具

[D] the elite's cunning tackling of [D] 供精英们处理那些危险而无聊的dangerous and boring work

【考点】事实细节
【解析】文章在第一段开篇第一句指出“Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty”，关键词是工作


devise，即“发明、设计”的意思。所以起初人们的心灵手巧体现在发明了工具来处理困难和危险的工作，正确答案为选项C。其余选项并非直接答案。
37.【答案】C The word “gizmos” (Paragraph 2 most 单词“gizmos”（第二段）最有可能的意probably means_______.
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures

【考点】词汇短语
【解析】此题需结合上下文语境来判断。首先从“as a result”可得知此句与前文存在因果联系，而第一段主要谈论机器人技术。其次从该句之后所举的各种现象都以“mechanical machine”展开讨论。该词就应该指代的是后面所提到的“robot assembly arms，automated teller，robot-drivers，robot systems”，因此，devices（设备、装置）能够很好的总结这类词。所以正确答案为选项C。
思是_______。 [A] 程序 [B] 专家

[C] 设备/装置 [D] 生物

38.【答案】D According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can_______.
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
根据文章内容，设计_______的机器人超出人类能力范围。

[A] 完成精细的大脑手术

[B] interact with human beings verbally [B] 通过语言进行联系

[C] have a little common sense
[C] 没有足够的常识


[D] respond independently to a changing world

【考点】事实细节

[D] 能够独立改变世界

【解析】文章第二段指出“大脑手术”和“人机对话”是可以做到的。所以选项A和B不正确。选项C易被误选。第三段说“we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world””，（但我们还不能赋予一个机器人足够多的常识，来使它们能够和动态的世界进行可靠的交流）不是所有的常识都不能赋予，而是不能赋予能使他们能够和动态的世界进行交流这一常识。因此属于过度推理。所以选项C也不正确。选项D在原文中没有对应内容，且无法做到，因此是正确的表达。所以正确答案为选项D。
39.【答案】B Besides reducing human labor, robots 除了减轻人类的劳力，机器人还能够做can also_______.
_______。

[A] make a few decisions for themselves [A] 独立地为自己做出决定

[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
【考点】事实细节
【解析】第三段首句指出“但如果机器人可以达到下一个节省人类劳动的效用的阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这才是真正的挑战”。由此可见，这只是一个假设，并不是已实现的事实，所以现阶段机器人是在人的监控下处理问题的，选项B符合。而“独立做出决定”还未达到，选项A意思与文章相反。选项C、D在原文中没有提到。

[B] 在人的监控下可以处理一些问题

[C] 改善工厂的环境

[D] 培养人的创造力

40.【答案】C
The author uses the example of monkey 作者借用一只猴子的例子来说明机器to argue that robots are_______.
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
人_______。

[A] 期望在内部复制人的大脑

[B] 能够立刻感知异常

[C] far less able than human brain in [C] 不能像人类大脑一样立刻聚焦于focusing on relevant information [D]

【考点】事实细节
【解析】此题解题关键必须要理解倒数第二句话的意思。它是说人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。所以机器人在聚焦信息方面不如人脑。答案为选项C。
相关事务

best used in a controlled environment [D] 在受控环境下被最好的利用

三、核心词与超纲词
ingenuity n. 心灵手巧 cunning a. 熟练地，精巧的 nasty a. 肮脏的，令人厌恶的 robotics n. 机器人技术 gizmo n. 小发明 teller terminal 出纳终端机 transaction n. 交易，事务
四 、长难句分析
miniaturization n. 小型化
NASA (美国家航空和宇宙航行局 microprocessor n. 微信息处理机 a fraction of 一小部分 glimpse vt. 一瞥，一看 instantaneously ad. 瞬间发生地 neuroscientist n. 神经学家
burdensome a. 繁重的，难以承担的 transistor circuit 晶体管电路
1.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery
with sub millimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians that can achieve with their hands alone. 【解析】由thanks to引导的原因状语从句。that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimetre accuracy作robot systems的定语从句，其中，with submillimetre accuracy作perform的方式状语。破折号起进一步说明作用。that can achieve with their hands alone修饰physicians, 是一个定语从句。
【译文】由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，一些机器人系统已经能够实施某些精确到毫米的大脑和骨骼手术，其准确性远远超过熟练的外科医生使用他们的双手所能达到的程度。
2.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. 【解析】基本结构为that引导的表语从句作what they found is的表语。in attempting to model thought为插入语。从句中包含一个比较结构be much more talented than…破折号起到补充说明的作用。 【译文】在尝试建造模型的过程中，他们发现人类大脑大约千亿的神¾细胞比以前想象的更聪明，而且人类的感知能力比我们所预想的要复杂的多。
3.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 【解析】前半句中，that is irrelevant修饰the 98 percent。后半句分词结构focusing on...in a big crowd引导的从句是对前半句话整句的进一步解释。其中focus on有两个并列宾语：the monkey和the single suspicious face。
【译文】但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。
五、全文翻译
自从人类具有创造性能力，人们已设计发明了许多灵巧的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者一般的肮脏工作。这促使了机器人科学的产生——一门赋予机器各种人类能力的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。

由此导致了现代社会已日益充斥着智能机器。虽然我们平时几乎看不到这些机器，但他们的普遍存在省去了许多人类劳动。工厂在机器人组装手臂有节奏的挥动下运行；银行业务由自动提款终端完成，这一终端还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们办理业务；地铁由不知疲倦的机器人司机操纵。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，一些机器人系统已经能够实施某些精确到毫米的大脑和骨骼手术，其准确性远远超过熟练的外科医生使用他们的双手所能达到的程度。
但如果机器人可以达到下一个节省人类劳动的效用的阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这才是真正的挑战。美国国家航空和太空总署的机器人学项目经理戴维·拉维瑞说：“虽然我们知道如何让机器人来纠正一个特殊的错误，但我们还不能赋予一个机器人足够多的常识，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”
事实上对真正智能机器的探索的结果是鱼目混珠。虽然一开始在二十世纪六七十年代有一个乐观的时期，仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使它们在2010年前能够模仿人类大脑的活动。但是最近的研究表明，这个预测将被延后数十年，甚至数百年。
在尝试建造模型的过程中，他们发现人类大脑大约千亿的神经细胞比以前想象的更聪明，而且人类的感知能力比我们所预想的要复杂的多。他们制造的机器人能够在严格控制的工厂环境里在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能具备这样的能力，而且神经科学家还不知道我们是如何做到这一点的。

Part B


Part B 41.【正确答案】
G 本题空格出现在第一段中间。上文指出了购物性质上的变化：从获得生活必需品的方式转为一种休闲活动。下文则指出其原因：拥有更多的金钱导致了消费模式的改变。后面部分指出传统经济行为模式受到质疑，仍然是为了说明消费模式的改变。因此可以推测空格处填入的内容要么续上文，继续说明购物性质的变化，要么接下文，开始说明金钱的增多是导致消费模式变化的原因。选项中没有谈及消费模式话题的只有选项G通过举例说明人们收入的上升。选项中G的“increase in income”和下文中的“having more money”相呼应，选项中的this回指上文的“the rise of consumerism”，即“收入的上升引起了消费主义的上升”。因此选项G是正确答案。 42.【正确答案】
C 本题空格出现在第二段段首。首先下文出现了一个重要的特征词：人称代词所有格her。由于第一段没有出现人名，因此空格处必然要给出具体人名。符合条件的是选项A、C和E。选项D虽然也提到具体人名，但由于它一开始就用了人称所有格her，与上文无法衔接。下文的内容是：这位女士的研究把冲动的购物行为确定为购物者支持自我形象的尝试。由于第一段的内容是消费模式的变化，而下文的内容开始探讨冲动的购物行为的心理原因。因此空格处的内容应起到过渡的作用。选项A讨论购物者对不同商品的冲动程度不同，选项E提到女性成为冲动购物者的可能性更大，这些内容更可能出现在下文之后，对冲动购物行为进行进一步探讨。而选项C提到人名的身份，表明是第一次介绍该人物，内容上延续第一段的讨论，指出购物的心理暗示，因此恰当地过渡到下文的“冲动购物”。 43.【正确答案】E 本题空格出现在第三段段末。上文提到研究表明购物狂更崇拜物质，把购物看作改善自我形象的一种策略。下文提到研究也表明某些和自我形象相关的商品更容易成为冲动购物的对象。因此上下文都是关于冲动或过度购物是心理原因造成的研究。符合这个主题的有选项A、C和E。先排除选项C，因为上文已经提到过Dittmar博士。上文中出现的关键词“a coping strategy”和选项E中的“other ways”、 “one of the most important strategies”相呼应。因此，选项E为正确答案。 44.【正确答案】
A 本题空格出现在第四段段中。下文中出现特征词in other words，表明下文是对空格处内容的说明，反过来说，即空格处内容是对下文的综述。下文指出，购物者购买厨房用具这类商品的冲动比购买衣服的冲动要小，即购物者对不同商品的购物冲动不同。只有选项A提到此内容，故为正确答案。选项A中的“impulsiveness differed”与下文中的“low impulse”和“high impulse”相呼应。

45.【正确答案】D 本题空格出现在第六段段首。下文提到广告和购物环境对顾客的诱惑。和该内容相符合的只有选项D，其中出现的advertisers和下文的advertisement相呼应。下文中的“these people”回指选项D中的“advertisers and retailers”。选项F的内容正好相反，强调某些工业对女性购物垒起了屏障。
全文翻译
购物在过去只是一种获得食物、衣服和其他生活必需品的方式。然而今天，购物象征着西方社会的物质文化，购物作为一种休闲活动的普及更反映了消费主义的上升。这一现象的形成可能是因为过去二十年里人们可支配收入上升了75%。信用卡的使用数量已经翻了四倍多，而突出的消费者债务在同一时期也几乎翻了三番。拥有更多的金钱意味着消费模式的改变。虽然传统的经济行为模式认为消费者是理性的，他们在购买之前会权衡得失。但是那些走进商店五分钟后就带着一件新夹克离开，而钱包里少了180元的人知道这种理论并不总是正确的。
苏塞克斯大学的心理学高级讲师海尔格·狄特玛尔发现消费者购买的商品是标明消费者现有状态和希望达到的状态的物质象征。她在消费者行为上的研究把冲动的购买行为确定为购物者支持他们自我形象的一种尝试，尤其是那些因所谓强迫性购物或购物上瘾而受折磨的人。这种状况影响了西方2%至5%的成年人。
狄特玛尔三年的研究中将购物狂与一群类似的普通购买者做比较。购物狂更崇拜物质，他们相信购物是通向成功、快乐和标明身份的一种途径。狄特玛尔博士指出：“疯狂购物是购物者填补现有的自我感觉和希望成为的形象之间空白的一种替代策略。”虽然也有其他应对不良的自我形象的方式，比如：过度健身或酗酒，但购物已经成为一种最重要的策略。这尤其适用于女性，她们和男人相比，成为强迫性购物者的几率要大三倍。因为购物是一种社会认可的活动，因此可以让那些不外出工作的妇女也走出家门。

她的研究也表明某些类型的物品更可能成为顾客冲动购买的对象。如那些¾常报道的和
自我形象、外表密切关联的商品——衣服、珠宝和装饰品。这个发现与关于冲动购物的一般理论相反，那些理论则把冲动购物解释为是短期的满足感战胜了负债之类的长期考虑的结果。狄特玛尔博士指出，关于消费者基于不同商品而表现出来的不同冲动的观念也被以下发现所支持：购物者更不愿意延迟从冲动之下购买的物品中获得的满足。换句话说，购物者更愿意等待“低冲动”的商品，如厨房用具，而不愿意等待像衣服和其他“高冲动”的商品。然而，当要求60名消费者保持每日记录购物清单来做研究时，其中一些人经常为他们冲动的购买行为后悔。狄特玛尔博士说：“当人们很明确地为维护自我形象购物时，后悔更可能会发生。”
但是这个发现是不明确的，因为购物上瘾者和普通购物者相比更容易被自我形象激发他们的购物行为，因此也更容易为他们的行为后悔。“虽然不清楚这种关系是什么，但在对自我形象的关心和对冲动购买行为的后悔中肯定有联系。”狄特玛尔博士对治疗冲动购物者所下的结论是：开抗抑郁的药物也许可以解决问题，但病人必须持续服用它们。否则他们需要治疗性的帮助来找到如不良的自我形象这样的病因。
狄特玛尔博士的研究也提出了关于吸引购物者和鼓励他们购物的方法。她说，虽然广告商和零售商不断针对消费者的自我形象做文章，但很难说就是这些因素导致了冲动性消费。决不能说这些人直接强迫顾客购买商品，但是他们确实非常复杂，他们使广告和购物环境都非常具有诱惑力，并让你相信如果你买某某产品你就会变得更有吸引力。

Part C
[全文翻译]

迄今为止，几乎每个人都听说过弦理论。即使那些并不真正了解这个问题的人--也就是说，几乎每个人——都知道这一理论是理论物理学中最热门话题。

尽管弦理论在地球上一部分最聪明的人中极为流行，但它并未为所有人接受--如今距其问世之初的轰动已近30年，怀疑论者也日益直言。持怀疑态度的博客们越来越多地批评这
一理论。(46数学家彼得·沃特和李·斯莫林教授都认为，弦理论（有时也被称为超弦理论）很大程度上是被一群自命不凡、总是鄙视那些敢于怀疑皇帝新衣的人们鼓吹起来的流行时尚。

弦理论在20世纪70年代末至80年代初刚刚面世时具有吸引力，有其充足的理由。当时，物理学家们发现自己面临着一个危机：相对论和量子论这两个20世纪物理学最重要的理论，当时被认为是从根本上不相容的。量子论把宇宙描述为本质是不连续的，比如能量可以以很小的单位元出现，但不能更小。相对论则将时间、空间及重力看作光滑、不可分割的连续统一体。两个理论各有其目的，通常它们互不交迭。(47但是在研究大质量物质或无限小的时间段时，比如，对黑洞的核或者是宇宙大爆炸后的最初时刻，二者都不能完美地加以解释。于是很多物理学家便开始了对弦理论的研究。

然而，从那时起，超弦理论被证明比人们预料的更为复杂。数学上的求证极其艰难，而当问题出现时，研究结论又往往引出另一层复杂的问题。(48在物理学中，复杂不一定就不好；但对于超弦理论而言，这种新改进的理论假定存在着几乎无限多的、各种可能的宇宙，但是，又没有办法证明我们的这个宇宙比其他的更为真实可信。

虽然缺乏特色，但却并没有使那些"弦人"(弦理论家及其追随者的步伐放慢。他们认为，也许真有无限多个宇宙存在——这一观点在部分天文学家中也同样流行--并且弦理论的某种说法阐述了其中的每个宇宙。这意味着，无论怎样怪异，任何一种预测，都有可能对至少一个宇宙是正确的;与此同时，无论怎样合理，没有一种预测对所有宇宙都是正确的。

缺乏实验证明也许是弦理论最致命之处。(49物理学家们对于学说有相当的容忍度；事实上，除非你亲临目击了一个独特事件——比如说，宇宙大爆炸——它在一定程度上永远是一个假设。然而，随着资料和证据的逐渐增多，合理的怀疑最终将被消除。但弦理论却不是如此，或者说至少现在不是这样。

确实，怎样检验弦理论，现在没有什么好主意，但是谁又能说某人明早醒来时不会想出一个好主意呢?(50之所以有如此众多的人从事其研究，其原因在于，无论弦理论有着怎样的瑕疵，比起我们所有的任何其他探索途径，弦理论仍然是目前最有前景的学说。

Section Ⅲ Writing

51. [参考范文] Dear Sir or Madam，
As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of Eng1ish for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM，
I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books．
Firstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books．Secondly，I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service．

Thirdly 1 wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by September l，2012．I have arranged to pay for the service. 1would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests. I look forward to hearing from you soon．
Yours Sincerely, Li Ming [全文翻译]
尊敬的先生或女士：
由于我计划参加全国硕士研究生入学英语考试，充分考虑到贵书店的良好声誉和所售书籍优良品质，我决定从贵店订购一些考研英语图书。 首先，请给我一份关于这些书籍的书名、作者、出版杜、价格等方面的详细信息。其次，我想道付款方式和售后服务情况。第三，我想知道您是否方便于2012年9月1日前，把这些书通过邮特快专递寄到北京新东方学校总部。我已经安排好了快递的付款事宜。 感谢您好心考虑我的请求，期待尽快收到您的回信。
您真诚的， 李明
52. [参考范文] It is shown in the drawing that a young man wearing a mask is staring at the huge Characters“PM2．5”in the polluted sky．In the flourishing and prosperous metropolis with a great many cars，air pollution is extremely serious．And below the portrayal, there is a caption which reads：“air quality”．
Motor vehicle exhaust is the primary cause for the notoriously poor air quality for cities 1ike Beijing，Jakarta and Delhi．Today，Whether in Bangkok，Beijing or Berlin，the roads of the world’s most populous urban areas are flooded with more motor vehicles than at any other time in history．Specifically，there are now more than five million cars in Beijing，With over l，000 new cars being registered everyday．Shanghai，Guangzhou and other big cites，all home to over three million automobiles，have also witnessed strong grow thin vehicle sales．Due to the poorer quality of air，the rates of asthma and other lung—related ailments are considerably higher in large cities than in rural areas．
In my view，the restrictions on vehicle driving are not only justified but，indeed，can be extremely beneficial for the densely populated cities in China and elsewhere．To begin with，imposing such measures in major cities can help alleviate air pollution and thus promote a cleaner environment．What is more, improved weather conditions and more blue-sky days can also help boost the locals’general health as well as psychological well-being.
[全文翻译] 如图所示，一个戴着口罩的年轻人正凝视着被污染的天空中的几个巨大字母：PM2．5。在机动车数量庞大的繁荣大都市中，空气污染极其严重。漫画下方的小标题写着：“空气质量”。
汽车尾气是北京、雅加达和德里等城市空气质量差的主要原因。今天，无论在曼谷、北京还是柏林，这些世界上人口最稠密的城市的道路上都挤满了机动车，其数量比历史上任何时候都要多具体说来，目前北京的机动车数量超过了五百万，且每天新增一千多辆。上海、
广州和其他大城市，机动车保有量都超过三百万辆，它们同样见证了汽车销量的强劲增长。由于空气质量差，大城市中哮喘和其他肺部疾病的发病率比农村地区要高出许多。 在我看来，机动车限行的政策不仅是合乎情理的，而且也确实对中国和世界上其他人口稠密的城市极其有利。首先，在大城市执行此类政策有助于减轻空气污染，并有助于营造更加清洁的环境。其次，改善了的天气条件以及更多的蓝天天数也有助提升当地居民的整体健康以及幸福感。


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