词性
句子成分
1. 主语 ( subject ) : 句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体， 一般位于句首。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。
Lucy likes her new bike. (名词)
We work hard. (代词）
Three is enough for each of us. (数词）
To see is to believe.（不定式）
Playing football after school is great fun. （动名词短语）
What we need is time. (主语从句,what是引导词）
Who will be our monitor hasn’t been decided yet.(主语从句，who是引导词）
2. 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。
动词常分为实义动词（行为动词）、连系动词/be动词、情态动词和助动词。
3. 宾语：表示动作行为的对象(动作承受者)，跟在及物动词或介词之后，能作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词等。 We like English. （名词）
I play with him. (代词）
We enjoy playing football. （动名词)
He wants to go home. (不定式）
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me two books. （间接宾语+直接宾语）
PS：及物动词 (vt) 和不及物动词 (vi）
A. 后面必须带宾语，意思才完整的动词叫做及物动词(transitive verb)
I love my home.
He bought an English dictionary.
She taught us English.
B. 后面不需要带宾语，本身意义完整的动词叫做不及物动词 （instransitive verb）
She came last week.
It is raining hard. / Birds can fly.
若不及物动词后要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
She came to the store one hour ago. / Birds can fly to Nanjing from my hometown.
4 表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语，用来说明主语的身份、特征或感受。一般由名词、数学、代词、形容词、动词不定式、介词短语、动名词等充当。
常用的连系动词有：be, look (看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来）, taste（尝起来）, feel（感觉）, become, turn, get
The book is mine. (代词）
Five and five is ten. (数词）
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. (表语从句，when是引导词）
5. 定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词、名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student. （形容词）
I have three pens. (数词）
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine. (介词短语）
My Chinese teacher is a woman with two big eyes. (介词短语）
The best place to visit is Beijing. (不定式)
She is the girl who likes singing. (定语从句，who是引导词）
6. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间，地点，方式，因果，条件，让步，方向，程度，目的等。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。（单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句作状语放在句首或句末。副词修饰动词时应放在动词之后。）
John often came to chat with me. （副词-程度状语，不定式-目的状语）
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. （从句-原因状语，副词-时间状语）
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. (介词短语-地点状语，分词短语-伴随状语）
He came running. (分词-方式状语）
My father worked in this school ten years ago. ( 介词短语-地点状语，名词短语-时间状语）
If he comes back, please let me know. (if引导的条件状语从句）
7. 补语：用于补充说明宾语的动作或状态等，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起 构成复合宾语。因为英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词如make，let, help, teach, see, have, order等+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 His father named him Dongming.（名词）/ We will make them happy.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） / We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
The doctor told me to do more exercise. (不定式短语）
英语句子有五个基本句式:
1. 主语+谓语
2. 主语+谓语+宾语
3. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
5. 主语+系动词+表语
1. S十V (主语+谓语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
常见的不及物动词有： work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, cry, happen
2.S十V十P (主语+系动词+表语)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。其系动词一般可分为两类：一 ：表示状态
be（is, am, are, was, were),
look看起来, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来, seem好像，keep保持
二 ：表示变化
become， get ， turn ，grow ，go
注意：有些系动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：He looked me up and down．他上下打量我。They are tasting the fish．他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town．他们在家乡种水稻。I got a chair yesterday．我昨天得到一把椅子。
注：如何辨别系动词
有些动词既可做连系动词又可以做实义动词。一个简单的辨别方法即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词，反之，不能替换的就是行为动词。
She looks beautiful. （系） Look at the picture.
He felt the book with his right hand. The silk feels soft. （系）
3.S十V十O (主语+谓语+宾语)
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。
4.S十V十O1十O2 （主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。
一般顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语
引导双宾语的常见动词有：
buy买，pass传递, lend借给, give给, tell告诉, teach教, show出示, bring带来, send发送
He gave me a book/a book to me．他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me．他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me．他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me．他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me．请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me．他问我个问题。5.S十V十O十C （主语+谓语+宾语+宾补）这种句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等。
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。
担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。
练习
(一) 指出下例句中主语
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 选出句中谓语
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have bread for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B. did C. whom D. Book
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
A B C D
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
A B C D
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
A B C D
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
A B C D
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
A B C D
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
A B C D
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
A B C D
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man felt very tired.
A B C D
② Why is he worried about Jim?
A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
A B C D
④ Soon they all became interested in the subject.
A B C D
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
A B C D
(五) 挑出下例句中的定语
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.
A B C D
② What is your given name?
A B C D
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
A B C D
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
A B C D
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
A B C D
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
A B C D
(六) 挑出下例句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
A B C D
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
A B C D
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
A B C D
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
A B C D
(七) 挑出下例句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
A B C D
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C D
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
A B C D
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
A B C D
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
A B C D
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
(九).划分句子成分
1. They are working on the farm now.
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