Unit 1
1. Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.
管理就是通过计划、组织、领导和控制组织资源，有效率有效果地实现组织的目标。
2. Planning defines where the organization wants to be in the future and how to get there.
计划定义了组织未来要实现的蓝图以及如何去实现它。
3. Organization failure can occur when managers are not serious about control or lack control information.
当管理者不能严肃对待控制或者缺少控制信息时，组织可能发生失败。
4. The ultimate responsibility of managers is to achieve high performance, which is the attainment of organizational goals by using resources in an efficient and effective manner.
管理人员的最终责任是获得高业绩，而这是有效率有效果地运用资源而达成的组织目标。
5. There are no ‘people less’ organizations, so managers must learn how to motivate, lead and communicate; they must also understand interpersonal relations and the behavior of groups of people.
“无人”的组织是不存在的，所以管理者必须知道如何激励、领导和沟通，还必须理解人际关系和群体行为。
6. Managers are excellent communicators and value shapers, lightning rods to get the job done.
管理者是卓越的沟通者和价值塑造者，指挥完成工作。
7. It is now apparent that overly centralized, excessively layered, and rigid organizational structures are not always effective or efficient.
现在很清楚的是，过于集中、过度分层、以及过于严格的组织结构并不是总有效或者有效率的。
8. A manager frequently reminds his or her management team of the company’s goals and how well those goals are being achieved.
一个管理者会不断提醒他或她的管理团队组织的目标以及目标的完成情况。
9. Strategic planning is the process of developing and analyzing the organization’s mission, overall goals, general strategies, and allocating resources.
战略规划是开发和分析组织的使命、总体目标、总体战略以及分配资源的过程。
10. The purpose of the organizing function is to make the best use of the organization’s resources to achieve organizational goals.
组织职能的目的是为了充分地利用组织的资源去实现组织目标。
Unit 2
1. As used in a broader sense, statistics refers to the statistical tools used to collect, present, analyze, and interpret data for the purpose of making more effective decisions.
广泛的意义上说，统计就是为了做出有效的决策而用于收集、提出、分析、解释数据的统计工具。
2. Statistical thinking is necessary not only for efficient citizenship, but also for effective decision making in various facets of business.
统计思想不仅是对于有效的公民有用，对于在企业经营的各个层面做出有效决策也是必要的。
3. W.Edwards Deming, noted statistician and quality control expert, insisted that we should start statistics education before high school.
W.爱德华兹·戴明——著名的统计学家和质量控制专家——坚持认为人们在高中之前就应该开始统计教育。
4. Just as attorneys have “rules of evidence” and accountants have “commonly accepted practices”, persons dealing with numerical data follow some standard guidelines.
正如律师有“关于证据的法规”和会计有“通常接受的惯例”一样，处理数字数据的人也遵循一些标准的指南。
5. Masses of unorganized numerical data, such as the census of population, are of little value as is, however, statistical techniques are available to organize this type of data into a meaningful form.
大量的未加工的数字数据，例如人口普查，原数据只有很少的价值，然而，运用统计方法可以把这类数据加工成一个有意义的形式。
6. To infer something about a population, we usually take a sample from the population.
为了推断一个总体的某些情况，人们通常从总体中选取一个样本。
7. Much of the appeal of statistical method is that they allow us to describe, predict, and sometimes control the world around us.
大部分统计方法的引人之处在于它们允许人们描述、预测、并且有时间控制周围的世界。
8. Information developed through the use of statistics has enhanced our studying of how life works, helped us learn about each other, allow control over some societal issues, and helped individuals make informed decisions.
通过使用统计加工的信息已经提高了人们对生活如何运作的研究，帮助了人们了解彼此，允许对一些社会问题进行控制，并且帮助个人做出明智的决定。
9. A representative sample can be used to make inferences about a larger population, but descriptive statistics are the only useful results for an unrepresentative sample.
一个代表性的样本可以用来做出关于较大总体的推论，但是只有描述统计能得出对没有代表性样本的有用结果。
10. When the individuals measured constitute the whole population, there is no need for statistical inference because the truth is known.
当被测量的个体构成了整个总体，就没有统计推断的必要了，因为事实已经知道了。
Unit 3
1. All information, from train schedules to discount-price goods, will be as close as the press of a key
所有信息,从火车时刻表到折扣价商品，只需按一下按钮就能得到。
2. The children have a happy environment at school.
孩子们在学校有一个快乐的环境
3. The manufacturer invoiced our company for two typewriters.
制造厂家给我们公司开了一张两台打字机的发票。
4. My accounts balance for the first time this year!
我的账上今年第一次出现了收支平衡！
5. The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.
埃菲尔铁塔是世界上最著名的建筑物之一。
6. Please program the computer to do the job instead of manual operation.
请给电脑编制一个程序做这项工作以此代替手工操作。
7. The binary system of numbers is used in digital computers.
数字计算机都使用二进制数字系统。
8. The motherboard is main board of a computer, usually containing the circuitry for the central processing unit, keyboard, and monitor and often having slots for accepting additional circuitry.
计算机的主要部分是主板，通常包括中央处理单元的电路系统、键盘、显示器和为了接受额外的电路所安置的插槽。
9. Programmers use the term “data structures” to describe various ways to organize data within a program.
程序员使用术语“数据结构”来描述在一个程序里组织各种数据的方法。
10. At what rate does the dollar convert into pounds?
美元以什么汇率兑换成英镑?
Unit 4
1. The research project has only been under way for three months, so it’s too early to evaluate its success.
这个研究项目进行了不过三个月,所以对它的成绩做出评价为时尚早。
2. The firm decided to computerize its wages department.
公司决定使用电脑管理发薪部门的工作。
3. The boss gave me so many instructions at one time that I got muddled up.
老板一下子给了我那么多指示,把我弄得糊里糊涂
4. He isn’t particularly clever but industrious.
他并不特别聪明,但很勤奋。
5. New settlers came in increasing numbers.
新的移民日益增多。
6. The local library is a valuable resource.
当地的图书馆是个宝贵的资源。
7. The committee discussed strategic marketing factors.
委员会讨论了至关重要的市场因素。
8. These difficulties are caused by natural disasters.
这些困难都是由自然灾害造成的。
9. There are three options open to us in that matter.
在这个问题上我们有三个选择。
10. This information will be less confusing if it’s produced in tabular form.
这一信息如果制成表格，就不太容易让人混淆。
Unit 5
1. The lowest level manager can access only the data that he needs at his level.
最底层的管理员只能存取他所在层次所需的数据。
2. Decision Support is a new University function designed to support access, integration and delivery of administrative data.
决策支持是用来支持访问，集成和交付管理数据的新的大学的功能。
3. Decision Support is also responsible for transition of data from University mainframes to servers over the next 5 years and for the existing Information Warehouse.
在未来五年里，决策支持也负责把现存的信息库从大学主机传输到服务器，也负责现有的信息仓库。
4. The primary job of the use is in the definition and discovery of information used in decision making.
用户的主要工作是定义和发掘用于决策的信息。
5. If client profile information is available, services can be more easily tailored to the client.
假如客户配置信息是有效的，那么对客户的服务就更容易实现了。
6. Modern Marketing techniques can be used to attract and retain clients.
现代化的市场技术可以用来吸引和留住客户。
7. Risk assessment of the projects can be determined before the project is begun.
项目的风险评价可以在项目开始之前就做出。
8. Sharing the same concepts of a DSS, an ESS focuses more in the end-user requirement of maximum interactivity and user-friendliness.
共享同一个DSS的概念，ESS更多的关注于最终用户的最多的需求和用户的友好的关系。
9. The GDSS stared originally from the Management Information System at University of Arizona.
GDSS最早起源于亚利桑那大学的管理信息系统
10. Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better.
人工智能是研究怎样让计算机在同一时刻完成只有人工才能完成的工作。
Unit 6
1. ERP attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments’ particular needs.
ERP试图整合公司所有部门和智能到单个电脑系统上，这个系统能服务于所有不同部门各自的特定需要。
2. People don’t like to change how they do their jobs. That is why the value of ERP is so hard to pin down.
人们不喜欢改变他们工作的方式，这就是为什么ERP的价值难以忽视的原因。
3. To get the most from the ERP software, you have to get people inside your company to adopt the work methods outlined in the software.
为了从使用ERP中获得最多好处，你不得不让在你公司内的人采用软件里描述的工作方法。
4. Even if a company installs ERP software for the so-called right reasons and everyone can agree on the optimal definition of a customer, the inherent difficulties of implementing something as complex as ERP is like teaching an elephant to do the hootchy-kootchy.
尽管一家公司为所谓正确的原因安装ERP软件,并且每个人都对一个用户的最佳定义达成一直意见，但是实现如ERP一样复杂的实物的内在难度就像教一头大象跳肚皮舞那么困难。
5. ERP helps the manufacturing process flow more smoothly, and it improves visibility of the order fulfillment process inside the company.
ERP帮助制造流程更运转平稳，并改进公司内部订单完成过程的可见度。
6. Don’t expect to revolutionize your business with ERP. It is a navel-gazing exercise that focuses on optimizing the way things are done internally rather than on customers, suppliers or partners.
不要期望用ERP彻底改革你的业务。关注于优化公司内部做事的方式，而不是关注顾客、供应商或合作伙伴，是木棺狭隘的行为。
7. Needless to say, the move to ERP is a project of breathtaking scope, and the price tags on the front end are enough to make the most placid CFO a little twitchy.
当然，运作ERP是一项惊人的工程，即使最镇定的首席财务官也会为前期的标价而焦躁不安。
8. We have treated ERPs as projects, with the assumption that someday the projects would end. But an enterprise system is not a project. It’s a way of life.
我们一直将ERP当作项目来对待，认为它总有结束的那一天，但是一个企业系统不是一个工程，它是一种生活方式。
9. Even if an organization could declare final victory on implementation of ERPs, many additional years could be spent in getting real business value from them.
即使一个组织能对ERP系统的实施宣布最后的胜利，它也可能投入另外的许多年时间去获得其真正的业务价值。
10. Just as courtships and honeymoons are different from marriages, living with ERP systems will be different from installing them.
正如求爱和蜜月不同于婚姻的生活，真正接受ERP系统和安装上ERP系统也不是一回事。
Unit 7
1. Structural design gives a system the long-term stable structure that can reduce discovery costs, localize maintenance work, and provide a foundation for reuse.
结构化设计给系统一个长期稳定的结构，从而可以减少开发成本，使维护工作局部化、提供了重复使用的基础。
2. I believe there are some simple ways to integrate the functional and structural view.
我相信有有一些简单的方法可以把功能化和结构化的观点结合在一齐。
3. Most popular programming languages use classes as their basic building block.
最流行的编程语言使用雷作为基本构建块。
4. Classes are the foundation of object-based and object-oriented programming in C++.
在C++中，类是基于对象的基础，也是面向对象编程的基础。
5. I think this tendency to hierarchy comes from our need to organize—and that’s fine—but I think it goes too far in most popular programming languages work.
我认为这种层次化的趋势来源于我们对组织的需要，这很好，但是我认为它在大多数的面向对象中走得太远。
6. We start to reduce complexity by grouping objects together into classes, which is in accordance with how most popular programming languages work.
我们通过将对象组合成类，是根据最流星的编程语言工作的，以降低复杂性。
7. These programming languages are popular because they are efficient.
这些编程语言因为很有效，所以很受欢迎。
8. Because roles are closer to objects, they are closer to the structure of Use Cases than classes are.
因为角色更接近对象，所以它们比类更接近用案的结构。
9. Hierarchy has become an important abstraction tool in many design paradigms.
层次结构已成为许多设计范例的一个重要的抽象工具。
10. Object-oriented program has become the dominant programming style in the software industry over the last 10 years or so.
在软件工程领域，面向对象变成在以后十年或更长的时间里将占据主导地位。
Unit 8
1. The general principle in Data Flow Diagramming is that a system can be decomposed into subsystems, and subsystems can be decomposed into lower level subsystems, and so on.
数据流程图的一般原则是系统可划分为子系统，一个子系统又可以被划分为下一级的子系统，直到完成。
2. Data enters the system from the environment; data flows between processes within the system; and data is produced as output from the system.
数据从外部环境进入系统，在系统内处理过程之间流动，最后作为产品从系统中输出。
3. SSADM has been used by the government in computing since its launch in 1981.
SSADM（结构化系统分析方法模型）自从1981年产生以来，已经在政府部门的系统处理中使用。
4. SSADM revolves around the use of three key techniques, namely Logical Data Modeling, Data Flow Modeling and Entity/Event Modeling.
SSADM经常使用3个关键技术,即逻辑数据建模、数据流建模和实体/事件建模。
5. The RAD approach has been used successfully in many organizations and is currently gaining more formal support with the advent of DSDM (Dynamic Systems Development Method, DSDM Consortium, 1995), a framework for RAD.
RAD方法已经在多个组织中成功使用，随着DSDM（动态系统开发方法，DSDN协会建立于1995年），RAD的一个架构的出现，通常可获得更正式的支持。
6. The model is the basis of the methodology’s view of the world, e.g. the Waterfall and Spiral models of Information Systems Engineering.
模型是方法学观察客观世界的基础，例如信息系统工程中的瀑布模型和蜘蛛模型。
7. The scope of a methodology defines its start and end points within the ISE lifecycle.
方法论的研究范围定义了他在信息系统工程生命周期中的起始点和结束点。
8. The SDLC is based upon two principles: dividing projects into phases, and using written documentation and approvals to maintain control.
SDLC（系统开发生命周期）基于2个原则：把工程划分为不同的阶段，用记录文档和审查来维持其控制。
9. Rapid response methodologies are clearly borne out of the need for a methodology that is flexible and usr-involved with a short implementation schedule, yet retains critical controls that do not slow down the process.
在方法学中，快速响应方法清楚的证实了需要一种具有灵活性和用户相关短期执行进度表，然而也严格控制快速处理过程的方法。
10. The SDLC includes ten phases during which defined IT work products are created or modified.
SDLC定义IT产品的开发和修改过程时划分为10个阶段。
Unit 9
1. A basic understanding of computer networks is requisite in order to understand the principles of network security.
要理解网络安全的原理首先要了解计算机网络的基础知识。
2. The International Standards Organization (ISO) Open System Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers of communications types, and the interfaces among them.
国际标准化组织(ISO)的开放系统互连(OSI)参考模型定义了通信类型的7层结构和他们之间的接口。
3. In order for you and I to talk when we’re out of earshot, we need a device like a telephone.
为了在听力范围外进行交谈，我们需要像电话机一样的设备。
4. The key to building a secure network is to define what security means to your organization.
建立一个安全的网络的关键就是定义什么对你的组织来说才是安全。
5. A simple network can be constructed using the same protocols and such that the Internet uses without actually connecting it to anything else.
一个简单的网络由同一协议连接，所以它同Internet连接不需要其他东西。
6. The Internet is made up of a wide variety of hosts, from supercomputers to personal computers, including every imaginable type of hardware and software.
互联网由多种多样的主机组成，从超级计算机到个人电脑，包括能想象到的各种硬件和软件。
7. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple transport-layer protocol.
UDP(用户数据协议)是一个简单的传输层协议。
8. A firewall is simply a group of components that collectively form a barrier between an organization’s intranet and the Internet.
防火墙是简单的一个单元组，在企业网和Internet之间共同形成安全屏障。
9. Router is a special purpose computer for connecting networks together.
路由器是用于连接多个网络的专用计算机。
10. If modem access is to be provided, Dial-Back Systems should be guarded carefully.
如果使用调解调制器进行存取，就应该认真保护拨号支持系统。
Unit 10
1. Information is needed to account for the general budgetary requirements and fund reporting.
为了完成一般的预算和资金报告，相关信息是必要的。
2. The whole purpose of a database is the representation of the physical world. The accuracy of the representation depends on the design of the database system.
数据库的目标就是表述客观世界，表达的正确性依赖于数据库系统的设计。
3. Management requires detail data. Management needs to know why a particular indicator is the value that it has.
管理要求详细的数据。管理需要知道为什么一个特定的指标就是它的数值。
4. The file system that comes with your computer is a very primitive kink of database management system.
计算机中的文件系统是一个非常原始的数据库管理系统。
5. One facet of a database management system is processing inserts, updates, and deletes.
数据库管理系统的功能之一就是是处理插入,更新和删除。
6. In SQL, the programmer says “I want data that meet the following criteria” and the RDBMS query planner figures out how to get it.
在SQL，程序员说“我要得到符合下列条件的数据，然后由RDBMS查询器想出如何得到它。
7. A relational database is a big spreadsheet that several people can update simultaneously.
关系数据库是一个多个人可以同时对其进行更新操作的大的电子表格。
8. Problems that are difficult in imperative computer languages can be very simple in a declarative language such as SQL and vice versa.
在计算机命令语言中复杂的问题在定义语言中都会变得很简单，例如SQL，反之一样。
9. The most practical database management software for Web sites is a relational database management system with a full-text indexer.
在web站点中，多数实际的数据库管理系统软件是具有全无检索功能的关系数据库。
10. If you can program a spreadsheet, you can program an RDBMS in SQL.
如果你能使用电子表格软件，那你也会用SQL操作RDBMS。
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