GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版

My Manhattan(5th) Notes

——Daisyotw

CH1 SC Basics

1.控制在60s~75s

2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查

CH2 Grammar&Meaning

一.语法：

主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语

二.语义：

1.词的选择：

(1)注意一词多义

Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的

Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的

Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known for

Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值

Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权

Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于

Range of –多种的； ranging-变化

Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格…

Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向

Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）

Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做

Impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫

(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变

(*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should)

(3)选项和原文态度一致

2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序

3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense

三.避免冗余：

1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词

Rise-increase;

sum-total;

regain-again;

enable-be able to;

attempt-try;

other than-opposite;

drop-decrease;

sufficient-enough;

including-among;

have to–require

及近义词then-later; so-in order to

2.注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语

法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。（being除了2种情况：1,介词＋being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done）

3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复

过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before now

现在：now; currently; presently; at present;

每年：annual; each year; a year

EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么

的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth

四.关于简洁：

1.简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则)

2.GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语

EG: differ>have difference in

CH3:主谓一致

1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语；连词(because,although)开头的句子必须有主句

2.主谓逻辑合理

3.主谓单复数一致

GMAC隐藏主语的方式：主谓之间插入大量词语(介短，前置后置短语，从句，其它修饰语)。跳过以上可忽略的词语，找到句子结构(主谓)，决定单复数

1.and vs additive phrases

(1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。

(2)其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达“and”的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起修饰作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。

e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.

(3)一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动－有氧运动（aerobics）和一些疾病－糖尿病（diabetes）虽然以s结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。

注：有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词（如2所示）的单数主语，依然是单数主语。

2.or,either..or,neither..nor

(1)就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数

EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

(2)若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数

3.集合性名词

一般用单数（看做一个整体，跟单数谓语）

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd （群众）orchestra（乐队）, team

Items: baggage, citrus（橙类）, equipment（设备）, fleet（舰队/小河）, fruit, furniture（家具）

e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.

4.不确定代词:一般用单数

Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,

something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,either…or..;neither…nor..

**特殊情况，如果遇到“SANAM”需要根据后面的“OF的介宾短语”中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数**

EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.

Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.

其中，Any of;none of:可能是单数或复数，not one 永远是单数

e.g. Any of these women ISa suitable candidate for marriage to my son.

Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.

5.each vs every

放在复数主语之前用复数，复数主语之后用单数

EG: every dog and cat has paws.

They each are great tennis players.

6.量词

A number of +复数主语+复数谓语（a number of 可以看成是some/many）

The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语

half, majority, minority, plurality（多数）既可以是单数也可以是复数 根据其修饰的主语（of 后面的词）决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时，用复数。

7.短语或者从句：用单数

(1)-ing的短语做主语，用单数

Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.

(2)从句做主语，用单数

Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.

8.倒装:向后看

EG: near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

**定语从句内结构最好不用倒装

OG 68： sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。

9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候，大多是单数。（当GMAT迷惑我们的时候，大都是单数）

**小结：

CH4 平行

一.平行结构的标志词

二.平行元素

1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉，多个平行时同省同留

2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略，即使引导词一样

Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.

引导词也可以不一样，更要保留

Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.

3.引导词前面的词不可以省略，确保句子愿意完整

Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.


Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

此句中“those”不能省略，否则改变句子愿意。但是“popular”可以省略。

三.And

一般原则（逗号原则）：A and B A ,B,and C A,B,C,and D

当连接两个元素是独立句子时候，会用A，and B

E.g.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.

分层并列——无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似，词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

四.一些要求平行的常见习语

句子中的动词不都平行，很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势，表示伴随

不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行，考虑逻辑意义和层级关系！

五.系动词

两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么/主语处于什么状态”

把系动词看做平行标志，使主语和宾语平行

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

CH5 代词

代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到代词都应检查指代是否清晰正确，单复数是否一致。

一.先行词必须存在

注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格出现，这样的名词不能作为先行词

名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。

EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating

to it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词，真正的主语是park rangers。

二.先行词和代词逻辑合理

将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通

EG: wrong:Although the term ”supercomputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply an extremely mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

right: Although the term "supercomputer" may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

此处,it指代就有问题,“term”不是机器，“term”指向机器，所以要用“refer to”

三.代词和先行词单复数一致

GMAT为了迷惑大家，会在主语和主句前面，加上从句，比如：along with…/by…,要找到真正的先行词。

四.五大代词：it,its,they,them,their在句中出现需特别注意

五.this,that,these,those

1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。

EG：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,

2.that或those表示先行词的new copy,避免重复。

EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.

但that和those所指代的New copy必须被修饰，即要说明与先行词有什么不同(spent by her children)，否则不能裸奔

3.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。

EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.

错，those与company单复数不一致，应将those替换为the companies.

4.it和they或人称代词是完全指代：即指代先行词本身

**one,that,those指代另外的事物或new copy

六.代词的歧义

1.每个代词都清楚指代一个先行词

特别是每个it和its，they,them和their在一个句子中必须指代一模一样的单数先行词

避免混淆：可以将其中一个代词用其他名词替代

2.一个代词前有很多先行词：易歧义，优先看主语

**特殊情况除外，最好不要选混淆指代的选项（如果遇见除了代词其他一模一样的选项，优先考虑重复名词的选项而不是代词表示的选项，because super-safe

3.格

(1)代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who

(2)代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom

(3)所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose

*代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。

*代词前有所有格，指代有争议。最好将所有格变为X of Y形式

EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to

determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.

Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.

Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.

4.which,that 只能指代物，只有who, whom,those才能指代人

CH6 修饰语

一.形容词和副词

1.形容词修饰名词或者代词；副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。

2.GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：

形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词

副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词

EG: Wrong:James is Max’s supposedly Irish ancestor.

Right:James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor.

supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能不是MAX的ancestor.

EG: Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.

此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词了。

**常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.

二.名词修饰语：

修饰名词的词或词组，可以是形容词、介词短语，过去分词前置，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语

1.名词与其修饰语要相邻

①如果修饰语与其他名词相邻（而不是应该修饰的名词），那此修饰语是Misplaced Modifier。

Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.

此句修饰语which cut through应该修饰road而不是house。所以，应该把road放到修饰语旁边。

②如果想修饰的名词根本不在句子里，那此修饰语是Dangling Modifier。

要改正这个句子，我们要插入合理的名词来修饰。

③现在分词形式的放在句首的修饰语表动作，通常需要名词来使句子逻辑意义表达合理。

**与名词修饰语不同，动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。然而，主语必须与动词修饰语在语义上搭配合理。

2.为避免长修饰语修饰同一个名词，把两个长的修饰语放在名词一前一后会造成awkward或不正确。

最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错

而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的

另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见

3.注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,要区分所修饰的内容指的是哪一个

Wrong: Unskilled in complex math,Bill's score on the exam was poor.

Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.

三.名词修饰与关系代词

名词修饰语常常被关系代词引出：which that who whose whom where when

关系代词有很多限制：

1.who和whom只能修饰人

2. which 必须修饰物

3. 在GAMT考试中，that不可以修饰人

4. whose可以修饰人也可以修饰物

5. where可以修饰地点（名词），但不能修饰“隐喻性”的“地方”

Eg:where可以修饰：area，site，country or Nevada

where不能修饰：condition，situation，case，circumstance，or arrangement

只能用in which

6.when可以修饰事件（名词）和时间。

When可以修饰：period, age, 1987,or decade.此时的when可以用in which代替。

其他：

1.Which 和Whom 有时跟在介词后面：in which;for whom..

2.That 和whom 可以省略当被修饰的名词是从句修饰的宾语时，

Right: The movie (THAT) we watched last Fridaywas scary.

**限定性&非限定性

限定性：提供必要信息，关系亲密不可分割，修饰语和名词间无逗号

非限定性：提供非必要信息，关系松散，可拿掉，修饰语和名词间有逗号

四.动词修饰语

修饰动词的修饰语，可用副词，介词短语，从属结构

1.主从连词比如：because, although, if, unless, while, so that, while等，引导从句，不能单独组成一个完整的句子，要附着在主语上。

2.有些动词修饰语会同时修饰动词和动词的主语，这种情况要确保主语和修饰语放在一起逻辑意义合理。

Eg. WHITLING "Beat It”, I lifted the weight.

3.明确谁是动者

Eg.Wrong: The weight was lifted to free my leg.

4.与名词修饰语不同，动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。

五..which 和现在分词

1.Which必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子，which只能指代它前面的一个名词

2.ing 形式做修饰语

(1)做形容词，直接修饰名词

(2)可以修饰主语和动词

(3)可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同义名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），表示结果

(4)ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词

(5)ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。

CH7 动词时态，语态和语气

一.时态

1.一般时态

一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时

一般时常表达“永久”的状态或频繁的时间，或general rule

2.进行时

强调正在发生的动作：be动词+ing

(1)现在进行时指示现在发生的事，不管句子里有没有“right now”这个词。相反，一般现在时只意味着事件

(2)表示一般定义用一般现在时，不要用现在进行时

(3)在GMAT考试中，不要用现在进行时表示未来的动作。这样的表达在口语中是可以的。这种情况用一般将来时。

(4)表示一般状态的动词不能用进行时态。这样的状态动词（state verbs）包括know或signify。

3.完成时

(1)现在完成时

表示一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影响。

现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词

现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点； within/over/during/in+时间段

*而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。

表示词：likelihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点

(2)过去完成时

构成：had+过去分词

两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时（强调时间顺序）

若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would）

*Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中

用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。

EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.

*如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。

EG: Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.

**注意：

1.只有当有明显标志的时候才用完成时

2.时态不要混淆，通常是：现在时+将来时；过去时+条件

二.虚拟语气

1.假设性虚拟语气

看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导

虚拟语气中，to be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man

2.If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)

If后不总是虚拟语气，if和then的结果可以产生以下几种时态和语气：

(1)表示确定: If present（现在时）, then present（现在时）

EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.

(2)表示某种程度的不确定: if present（现在时）, then can or may

If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.

(3)确定-用于将来时态（现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响）：

if present,（现在时） then future（将来时）

If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.

*或用现在完成时：If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill

(4)不确定-将来时态：

if hypothetical subjunctive（虚拟语气）, then conditional（情态动词）

If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)

此句中，作者认为S不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词would是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。

(5)从未发生-过去式：

if past perfect（完成时）, then conditional perfect（情态动词完成时）

If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)

注：a.在GMAT中，如果遇到but if..那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。

b.情态动词would/should永远不会出现在“if”部分中

3.命令性的虚拟语气

(1)一般形式： 主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型（没有s没有am,is,are,只能是be）

(2)暴力词－只能用that从句的命令虚拟语气，不能用不定式：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate（规定）, suggest

Eg. We demand THAT HE BE here.

其中propose,当句子中的两个动词发起者均是一个主语时，可以用不定式。

Eg. The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.

暴力词－只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want

Eg. We allow HIM TO BE here.

暴力词－既可以接that从句的命令虚拟语气，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require

Eg. We require THAT HE BE here. O R We require HIM TO BE here.

(3)具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气

Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.

(4)形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital

Right: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.

(5)例外暴力词－prohibit

常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing但prohibit不能接不定式

特例Want.，有时候使用want并不是虚拟语气，而只是一个不定式表目的wan sb to do sth

4.虚拟条件句的四种形式：

But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….

= If it were not / (had not been) for N

= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)

= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）

虚拟语气的时态：

三.被动语态与主动语态

主动语态：主动执行动作

被动语态：动作被执行BE(am,is,are/was,were)+过去分词

1.by后面一般跟动作的执行者且一定是被动语态； through 和because of 后面跟一些设备手段或者方法

2.只有及物动词才有被动语态

3.GMAT规则，主动优于被动，但被动也有可能是正确答案

CH8 比较

比较是平行的一种，要找到表示比较的单词或短语，以及要比较的两个部分，确保这两个部分结构和语义上的平行

一.比较标志：

**like vs as

1.Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词（或者动名词作名词，如like swimming,skating is great exercise）， 代词或者名词短语。（不能跟从句，介词短语）

2.As 可以作介词或连词，既可以跟介宾短语，又可以跟连词（后面可以跟句子）。

表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like

二.比较的两点重要规则

1.比较双方逻辑平行，是类似的事物(人vs人，物vs物，事件vs事件)

2.比较要从语法结构上保持平行(-to do vs -to do,-ing vs -ing,clause vs clause)

三.比较结构的省略

1.所有格省略

前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略，用所有格表示。

P.S. 所有格/所有物可以代表单数和复数，只有逻辑意思合理就行。

EG: My car is bigger than Brian's car. My toes are longer than Brian's (toes).

2.比较从句可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。

EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 (quarts).省略名词

I walk faster than Brian (walks).省略动词

I walk as fast now as (I walked) when I was younger.省略主谓，避免重复

3.有些句子为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。

EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)

Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette could be subject or object.)

Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)

Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)

总结：主语比较，新的主语+动词（或省略动词）；介宾比较、宾语比较，直接放介宾和宾语即可。

四.比较级与最高级

1.以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +该副词，不要改成er形式

2.比较级中一定要有一个than,明确比较双方

Eg. A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错（有歧义）

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it catch a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词can)

补充：

**比较重要考点

1．对主谓宾全的句型

(1) 主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）

(2) 介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）

注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面

The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.错,不是介宾比较

The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对

(3) 宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词)

(4) 状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语)

2．一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而

不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别

I eat apple faster than you do

如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

3．AS 族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等

形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如

Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(类似于介宾比较）

Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较）

Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较)

4．特殊句型

AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.

They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.

5．There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型OG89

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years

ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(宾语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)

Basics-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Extra

CH10 连词，标点，量词

（一）连词

1．一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if结尾；逗号不足以连接两个完整句子。

2．and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成分或者句子，注意and连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。

*And的两种用法：1）连接一系列的连词。（apples, grapes, and pears）

2)连接两个主语从句（意味着2个主语2个谓语，且并列）and前面如果有逗号，则后面必有主语！或者and 是一个主语发出的2个动作，则不需要逗号，直接用and连接。

Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school ，AND HE later ate his lunch.

3．一次只能用一个连词，如since/because, so不能同时用， although, yet不能同时用。

4．并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since,

when, if , unless, that, though, while

（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号

1．逗号

(1) 次要内容会用逗号隔开，但是主要内容和主句一脉相承。（插入语）

(2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的and不用逗号。

EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.

逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈）

特殊：The more,the more结构

2．分号

(1) 分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是分别相对完整的句子。（说是“相对”，是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不通）

EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.

(2) 用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留比如原句是因果关系，则不用分号而用because。

(3) 分号后经常跟一些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如

however, therefore, in addition, then.

EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

(4) 分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。

EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

3．冒号

(1) 冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加namely或者that is。

(2) 冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。

(3) 被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好→常构成被动语态

Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

Right: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and

temperature.

(4) 冒号后可以加入一个主句，用以解释冒号前的内容。

EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.

4．破折号

(1) 破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。

(2) 有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。

EG: My three best friends—Danny, Jimmy, and Joey—and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变7个人了)

(3) 破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被

解释内容之后。

EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for

management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

(4) 用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的。

（三）量词

1．可数的量词：few、number、numerous

2．不可数的量词：less、amount、great、least

3．既可跟可数名词又可跟不可数名词的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是less只能不可数

4．留意单数词：如money-dollar, volume-gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是修饰不可数

名词的

Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.

(这里dollars是复数，但是要用不可数的less than来修饰)

Or “fewer than twenty dollar bills”

5．the number of 修饰单数，a number of 修饰复数，The numbers of 一般都是错的

如果numbers要做比较，一般用greater than, 而不是more than

Wrong:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much MORE than before.


Right:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much GREATER than before.

6．increase和decrease表达同一事物的变化；Greater和less则是比较不同事物。

Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.

Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.

同时，很重要的一点！避免意思重复：increase不能和rise/rising/risen／growing/grwth一起用！decrease不能和fall/fell一起用。

Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.

Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.

Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%.

7．between形容两个物品；among形容三个物品

CH11 简洁和平行（高阶）

（一）简洁：一些具体的形式: V>adj/adv.>n

1．动词形式优于名词：即动词形式优于名词+be/make 形式

EG: His conception of money was a goal. < He conceived of money as a goal

His example was an influence on me. < His example influenced me.

They made a reference to the strike. < They referred to the strike.

2．that 从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis, idea, suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report.

EG: The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seems strange.

The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange.

3．动词形式优于形容词形式

The artist was influential to the movement. < The artist influenced the movement.

4．形容形式优于名词形式

She has the ability to juggle. < She is able to juggle.

5．副词形式优于介词短语

Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A

COMPARABLE EXTENT.

Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLY

注意：尽可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are,been,was,were 等替代

6．形容词大于BE动词的形容词从句

Marcos is a professor who is admirable.

Marcos is a admirable professor.

7．尽量少用it is…that 结构

Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.

Better: Children should play without fear.

动词 形容词 副词 名词

apply applicability

conceived conception

cost cost is

decided decision

influenced was influence

inspired inspireation

refered reference

weigh weight

动词 形容词 副词 名词 介宾

aggravate is aggravating

can be able to

indicate indicative

inspired inspirational

suggest suggestive

abundant abundance

be able to ability

capable capability

convince conviction

disincline disinclination

isolate isolation

comparably to a comparable extent

considerably to a considerable extent

significantly to a significant degree

形容词 带Bed的形容词从句

admirable who is admirable

firefighter who is firefighter

（二）简洁：不要太短

GMAC会利用较短的表达造成“简洁”的错觉。

1．关于of

(1) 当of的词,表示形容前面的名词时，可以将of省略。

A wall of stone=a stone wall。

但是of是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of。

(2) 尤其介词不是of 时，更加有必要保留介词

Danube river access < access to the Danube river

Boston soldier < soldier from Boston

Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees

sales increase < increase in sales

2．在比较中，that of , those of 常常很重要

The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. < The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor

但有时候that又是多余的

The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics.

3．在一些报道性的词语后面一定跟着that

Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show

Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished.

Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.

有一个比较特殊的词就是say,之后不必跟that，就可以跟一个句子

Right: The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver.

（三）平行

1．名词有两种形式：实体名词(时间、地点、人、事件)，动作名词(eruption, pollution, change,

growth等)，二者不能平行

2．动名词：简单动名词，（动名词＋名词）

Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.

复杂动名词（含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词a/an/the+of的介宾短语）

The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.

,简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行。且只有复杂动名词才能与动作名词平行。

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

其中withdrawal,reductions,pardon都是动作名词，而the raising of是复杂名词。

The accurate tracking of satellites -复杂动名词； tracking satellites -简单动名词

在所有的动名词中，永远选择复杂动名词（通常带OF）而不是简单动名词。

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.

Right:The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.

3．如果一个动词有具体的名词形式，就不要用动名词，如extract就有名词extraction

OG129：定语从句不要倒装；OG133：就近修饰，定语从句或ving 修饰

OG： D50 that的指代是否模糊？

4．不定式平行，若有3个及以上元素，是否省略To看前一个

It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say not

5．总结：可以相互平行的词

名词 其他

1.实体名词 1.动作动词

2.动作名词＋复杂动名词 2.不定式

3.简单动名词 3.形容词和过去分词

4.从句

CH12 代词和修饰语（高阶）

（一）代词

1．代词

（1）there：there 如果做代词代指某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方，而且必须是介宾短语形式，不能是形容词成分。

EG: Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed.

× Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns

addressed.

（2）itself, themselves, one another, each other: 一般表强调其指代的名词

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. (解散Agreement)

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (解散Commission)

（3）such, other, another

以上三个代词一般在后面跟一个概括性的名词指代前面的名词。

After the agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in

the future.

（4）one：指代具有非定义性，且只能指代前面的单数名词，或者其中的一个。

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.巧克力中一个

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them.前面的巧克力

（5）do so 和 do it

Do so : 可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语

Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother did so. 指代eat dinner quickly（so可省略）

Do it : it必须指代一个确切的名词

Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面的homework.

Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.

2．代词变换位置

（1）不定式做主语时，通常用it作形式主语

It is futile to resist temptation. 对 TO RESIST temptation is futile. 错

（2）that 从句做主语，通常用it作形式主语

It gave us encouragement that we scored at all.

THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.

但是it在其他情况下都不可以指代从句。

（3）不定式或that 从句做宾语，用it作形式宾语

She made it possible for us to attend the movie.

She made possible our attendance at the movie.

She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都对

3．有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以避免直接用之前的名词造成重复

After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang the deer(the meat) from.

Right: New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.

4．代词使用的一些细微差别

（1）单数代词指代单数名词

（2）性别代词要一致,his/her/its

（3）重复的代词经常被认为指代的是同一个名词,一个句子中所有的it/they始终指代同一个词

（4）代词一般指代离其最近的名词，但不能过于近了；

EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo. it 不能指代station house

大多数情况被指代词在代词之前,但也有特殊的，在其之后

EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.

（5）代词出现的平行位置（主谓宾）相同，可视为相同指代

Note: 如果发现用以上代词指代的5原则竟然排除了所有5个选项，那么只能放弃这5原则，

然后找找看其他的错误。

（二）修饰语

1．of 修饰短语: of 短语修饰其前面的名词,而代词则指代整个of介词短语的内容

（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.

在本句中，that从句指代a way of dodging opponents，且that省略了更好，而不是单指a way

Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.

（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska.

2．为避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置

对：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.

错：A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has been hired.

3．插入语，在主语和谓语之间，插入一个成分对主语进行进一步说明,用逗号隔开。

Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that bv population are over-represented in the Electoral College. （that修饰的是states）

4．平行修饰的时候，其中一组修饰词一定紧跟着他们所修饰的名词。

In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word.

总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。

（三）所有格

(1) 不要选择Y of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么of X,要么X’s

(2) GMAT 在80%~90%情况下认为复数不能用所有格，如humans’

EG: ×: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and protection

√: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and

protection

大部分名词用of X 结构可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in所有格，不等同于普通名词，不能简单修饰

（四）当修饰一个集合名词的时候，有三种常见修饰

(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently

discovered.

错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently

discovered.

(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered.

错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recently

discovered.

(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.

错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH only recently discovered.

其中的some，可能被替换成any, none, all, more/most，many, each, either, neither, half, one

（五）从句与现在分词修饰

(1) 从句和分词都可以修饰主语或者谓语，一般情况下可以通用，但遇到一些有明显时态变

化的句子，要根据具体情况而定。

① The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately culminating in the

survival of just a few languages, according to some.

② The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.（这种句式又叫独立词组）

第二句好一些，因为根据ultimately用将来时要好些。而第一句表明是现在时。

在一道题里，如果只有分词ing的形式不同，那么通常从句＋动词的形式>分词ing形式，因为可以更清晰的表达时态的变化。

(2) 实际上有两种修饰前句的方法

① 独立词组：如上述形式，一般是一句结束后，一个概括性名词+that 从句

② V-ing 形式：V-ing 形式跟在主句后面，有四个情况可用：a.做伴随状语；b.表结果；c.修饰其前面紧跟的名词（在主系表结构中）d.修饰签名整句话，例如bring to 34只海鸟那道题。

Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the

world, suggesting the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.（suggesting修饰de是前面整句话，那个发现结果）

CH13动词和比较（高阶）

（一）助动词：be /do /have

1．若出现时态变化，则句子中助动词不能单独的使用

对I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.

错I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did.

对I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.此处就不能用has替代

2．助动词后省略的词一定要是原文之前出现过的

错Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.

对Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.

Note:省略而成的do, are, have都只能代表主动时态

3．情态动词

（1）Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,这些词在使用过程中不能

相互替换。

有时候情态动词会与一些具有类似含义的动词发生重复，要避免。比如在有ensure等

强调必须、义务的句子，再用have to/must显得啰嗦。

Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.

Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.

（2）Be to 在GMAT中永远是错误的，用will, 或者should 替代

Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.


Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.

（3）if 引导的条件句中，不能用情态动词,例如should

Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test ,he will graduate.

Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.

（二）动词的形式

1．不定式：可以做名词，形容词或副词

(1) 不定式的使用要符合逻辑意思：

The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. 错(avoid的主语变成building是错的)

The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. 对（it指代的是building）

(2) 不定式虽然可以做名词，但跟普通名词还是有差别，在前置短语里，最好别用不定式，而用it代替。且不定式也不能被形容词修饰(但动名词可以)。

Awkward: TO ERR is human.

Right: IT is human TO ERR.

2．动名词（可作主语，宾语）

（1）经验：动名词做主语比不定式做主语更为常见，但不绝对！

（2）一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格

Mike’s swimming is the product of new coaching techniques.

（3）尽量避免用动名词所有格， 用比如动词的名词形式要好一些，如her action>her acting

3．分词（可以用来修是一个词，或者整个句子）

一个特殊的句型： Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.

Having的逻辑主语是she

4．根据语义，使用现在分词， 不定式和其他形式

不定式一般表目的，不是出于某种目的去做某事，一般不用不定式

A plan conquering the world is in his files. 正在…是

A plan that will conquer the world is his files. 将要…是..

A plan to conquer the world is in his files. 目的是….

（三）like & as

1．like可以修饰名词和动词(I danced LIKE you last night.)，但like后只能跟名词或代词。

2．as 可以作为连词和介词也可以做对比

（1）as 作为连词

As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during) 当…时候

I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because) 因为

You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 正如

（2）做“象／相似于”讲de时候，通常和“just ,so ,so too”一起，连接2个句子，或者连接一个短语＋句子

Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.

Right: AS in the previous case, the judge took an early break.

（3）AS 作为介词，表“作为，当” 而不是“象”

As your leader, I am in charge. I think you as my friend.

AS a child, I thought I could fly.

（4）as…as 结构

第一个As 后面跟形容词或副词，第二个as 后面跟名词

They are as hungry as they were last night.

（5）举例只能用As（或such as），不能用like

Wrong :I enjoy fast food LIKE hamburgers.(=fast food SIMILAR TO hamburgers)

Right: I enjoy fast food SUCH AS hamburgers.

补充：

such as的两种形式：A such as B, such A as B

such as的用法：

such as + 具体名词（n1 and n2或doing n1 and doing n2;）表示举例

such as + noun/ doing/ what从句/介词短语

错误表达：

such as + there/they/these 错 ，必须是具体的东西，不能加代词

such as + to do 错 such as + 句子 错 such as + when错。

X1, X2, X3 such as these 错，such as要放在列举之前。

（四）数字比较

1．对： 3 times as old as 错：3 times older than (怎么能拿是3 倍更老呢)

对： 3 years older than 错：3 years as old as

2．有时候用times, 不要as 或than, 表示直接修饰

The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.

The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.

3．more, less 很灵活，可作名词，形容词或副词

I own more than I should. 名词

I own more shirts than I should. 形容词

I sleep more than I should. 副词

但是higher, greater, lower 等只能用作形容词

错：I spend lower than I did last year.

对：My bills are lower than they were last year.

4．比较双方一定要对等,且一定要清晰

(1) We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊,应改为：

We have even more engines that are efficient than before.

或者We have engines even more efficient than before.

(2) 一些表示比较词，exceed, surpass，前后比较对象也要对等。

The incidence of the disease among men exceeds the incidence among women.

(3) In addition to， 通常放在句首，表示另外的一个例子。

IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable. (同类)

IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. (不同类事物)

附：习语与固定搭配——Manhattan CH9

1. Ability to do (

2. Act as sth(=functioned as)

Act like sb(=behaved in a similar manner)

3. Affect sth(>have an effect on sth)

W:cause an effect on

4. Aggravate sth(=made worse)

Agree that+sth+V原

...that sb agree that+V原

5. Aid(v.) sb

Aid(n.) for sb

Sb’s aid in doing

6. Aim at doing sth

With the aim of reducing

W:with the aim to do

7. Allow sb to do

Be allowed to do

W:allow that+sth+V原

8. Anxiety about sth

Anxiety that+sth+may be..

9. Appear as sth(=show up as)

W:sb appears as sb

Appear+adj.(=seems)

Appear to have been

It appears that

10. Apply to

W:subjected to the applicability of..

11. Ask for sth

Ask sb to do

Ask that+V原

12. Attribute sth to

13. Aware of sth

Aware that

W:with an awareness that/of

14. Pass a ban(n.) prohibiting..

W:pass a ban that..

15. Based on

16. Because+clause

Because of+n.

17. Begin as(= be born as)

Begin with(=sth is the first part)

Begin sth(=cause)

W:be begun from

18. Believe that

Believe sb to be right/wrong

It’s believed that

Sb is believed to be

W:sb is believed by sb to be right

19. Between+2 person (between A and B)

Among+>2 person

20. Within the borders

W:borders of

21. Chance of doing

22. Claim that

Claim to do

23. In comparison with/to

Be compare to

Compared with (ignore the difference)

24. Have confidence that

25. Conceive of...as

W:conceive of...to be

26. Connection between

W:connection of

27. Consider sb/sth sb/sth

W:be considered

W:consider sth as

28. Contend that

W:contend sth to be/do

29. Continue to do

W:continue sth

30. In contrast with/to+n.

31. Be convinced that

32. Cost..in sth

Cost..because of

33. Create sth to do

34. Credit sb with sth

Be credit with sth

W:be credit for/as/to

35. Be in danger of doing

W:be in danger to do

36. Date at...old(强调年代久远)

W:be dated as/to be

37. Decide to do

38. Declare sth

Declare that

W:declare as/to be

39. Decline in (price)

40. Demand that

W:demand sth to be

W:demand that sth should be..

41. Depend on whether

W:depend on one’s ability to

42. Be designed to do

W:be designed so that

W:be designed so as to

43. Be determined by

W:be determined from/through

44. Develop into

45. Differ from

Difference in

Difference between

46. Difficult to do

47. Discovery that

48. Be disinclined to do

W:have a disinclination to do

49. Distinguish between

50. Doubt whether

Not doubt that

Have doubt that

W:have doubt whether

Not doubt whether

51. Due to sth

W:due to放句首

52. Economic经济的

Economical节约的

53. Elect to do

W:elect doing

54. Enough (for sb) to do

W:enough that

55. Ensure that + V原

W:ensure that + should/must

56. Equipped to do

W:~ for doing

57. Estimate sth to be

W:~ sth

58. Even more than

As much money as even..

W:more than even

W:even as much as

59. More than ever

60. Except for

Expect sth to do

~ that

W:it is expected that ... Should..

61. Expend on

W:~ for

62. To some extent

Be the extent to which..

W:be the extent that..

63. W:due to the fact that..

64. Be at fault for doing

W:be at fault

W:it is the fault of sb who..

65. Find that

66. Forbid sb to do/from doing

67. From..to...

To..from

W:from..down/up to

68. Hear that

Hear of

69. Help (sb) (to) do

Help(n.) in doing

W:help sb in doing

W:as help to do

70. Hold that

W:hold sth

71. Indicate that

W:indicate sth

W:indicative that

W:indicate sth as/to do

72. Influence sb

Be influential to sb

W:be influential on

73. Inspire sb

Be an inspiration to sb

74. For instance

W:as an instance

75. Intent(n.) of doing/to do

76. Interact with one another

W:~ among/with

Interaction of

W:~ where

77. Invest sth in..to do

W:Invest sth into...for..to do/doing

78. Isolate from

W:in isolation from

79. Just as...so..

80. Know sb to be

Know sb as (=named)

81. Be lacking in sth

Lack sth

The lack of sth

W:sth lacking sth

82. Let sb do

W:leave sb do/to do

83. Lie in (=resides in)可用于将来时

Lay in(= resides in)不可用于将来时

Lay sth down

84. Be likely to do

It is likely that..

Twice as likely as/More likely than....to do

More than likely,........

W:sb is likely that..

85. A loss of (=decline of a quality)

Loss in (=decline of an investment)

86. Mandate that...be(原形)...

Have a mandate to do

W:mandate sth to do

W:Have a mandate for

87. Make sth possible

Make it possible for sb to do

88. Has ten times the mass

89. A means to do

W:~ of/for

90. Mistake sb for

W:~ sb as/to

91. The second most...and the most...(the 不能省)

92. Be native to (animal,plant)

Be a native of (people)

W:be native in

93. Not...but(一定要补出动词) (rather)...

94. Not only/just....but also

95. Object to sth

96. Once

W:at one time

97. Only的位置很重要，修饰后面一个词

98. Order that+V原

Order sb to do

W:order (sb) sth

99. Owe sth to sb for reason

100. Pay sth for sth

W:pay sth in sth

101. Persuade sb to do

W:~ that+V原

W:persuade sb in doing

102. Be potentially doing

W:can potentially be

103. -ing +privilege

W:the privilege to

104. Prohibit sb from doing

W:~ sb to do

W:~ that +V原

105. Pronounce sth sth

106. Propose that+be

Propose sth

Propose to do

W:propose sth be/is to be

107. Range from...to..

Ranging(adj.) sth(=changing over time)

Range of sth (= a variety)

108. Rank as

W:have the rank of

109. The rate for sth(=prices)

The rate of sth(=frequency or speed)

110. A reason to do/for

A reason that(不可省略)

111. Rebel against反抗

112. Recognize that

Recognize sth to be/as

W:recognize sth as being..

113. Recommend that +be

114. Reduce sth

A reduction in sth

115. Refer to

W:be in reference to

116. Regard sth as (sth/-ing)

117. Reluctant to do

W:~ about doing

118. Report that

119. Request that+be

W:request to be

120. Require sb to do

Require that+V原

Require of sb that+be

W:require doing

W:a requirement of

121. Resemble sb

122. Restriction on

W:~ for

123. Result from(=because)

Result in(=lead to)

A result of

124. Reveal that

W:reveal sth to have done

125. Rise:vi

A rise in

126. Rule that

W:rule sb to be

W:rule on

127. The same to me as to you

As the same time as you

W:the same to me as you

W:I drove to the store at the same time you did

128. Be secure

W:be secure about

129. Seem to do

It seems that/as if(不加代词)....

130. Show that

Show sth to be

W:show sth as

131. Significant

W:be significant in sth/doing sth

132. All.....have similar issues(必须是复数才能similar)

W:Each/Every.....has similar...

133. So..as to

W:such..as to

W:so much..as to

134. So..that

135. So long as=as long as

136. So too+部分倒装(补出be动词)

Eg. B is coming back,and so too is A

137. Substitute sth for

W:~sth in place of

138. Succeed in doing

W:succeed to do

139. Such (sth) as sth/doing

W:such as to do

140. Suggest that +be(表建议)

Suggest that (表暗示)

Suggest sth(表暗示)

141. On the surface of

142. Target at sth

W:target to do

143. Think of sb as..

Be thought to be

W:sb is thought of by sb

W:think of sb to be/being

144. Tool for doing/to do

145. Be trained to do

W:~ for doing

146. Try to do(=intent/purpose)

Try doing(=experiment)

W:try and do

W:try that

147. Use sth to do

Use sth as

W:use sth for doing

W:use sth to be

148. Variation in

W:~ of/among

149. View sth as

W:view sth to be

150. Way of doing

Way in which

The way to do...is to....

W:a way for doing

151. Weigh less/more than

152. W:a case where

153. Whether sth or sth

154. With sth doing

155. Worry about

W:worry over

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