政 治
【宪法】英国的宪法不同于绝大多数国家的宪法，并不是一个独立的文件，它是由成文法、习惯法、惯例组成。主要有大宪章（１２１５年）、人身保护法（１６７９年）、权利法案（１６８９年）、议会法（１９１１、１９４９年）以及历次修改的选举法、市自治法、郡议会法等。
政体为君主立宪制。国王是国家元首、最高司法长官、武装部队总司令和英国圣公会的“最高领袖”，形式上有权任免首相、各部大臣、高级法官、军官、各属地的总督、外交官、主教及英国圣公会的高级神职人员等，并有召集、停止和解散议会，批准法律，宣战媾和等权力，但实权在内阁。
苏格兰另有自己独立的法律体系。
【议会】英国议会是最高司法和立法机构，由君主、上院（贵族院）和下院（平民院）组成。上院议员包括王室后裔、世袭贵族、终身贵族、上诉法院法官和教会大主教及主教。１９９９年１１月，上院改革法案获得通过，除９２人留任外，６００多名世袭贵族失去上院议员资格，非政治任命的上院议员将由专门的皇家委员会推荐。下院也叫平民院，议员由普选产生，采取最多票当选的小选区选举制度，任期５年。但政府可决定提前大选。政府实行内阁制，由女王任命在议会选举中获多数席位的政党领袖出任首相并组阁，向议会负责。
２００３年２月，英政府提出７项上院改革案，但均遭议会否决，改革上院的计划暂时搁浅。２００３年６月，内阁改组后，撤消大法官事务办公室，成立宪政事务部；２００７年５月，宪政事务部并入新成立的司法部。２００６年７月首次经过选举产生了上院议长海曼女男爵（Baroness Hayman）。下院议员由普选产生，采取简单多数选举制度，任期５年，但政府可提议提前大选。 保守党议员伯科当选英国议会下院议长 英国首相布朗计划改革议会选举制度
【政府】实行内阁制。由君主任命在议会中占多数席位的政党领袖出任首相并组阁，向议会负责。
２００７年５月，英内政部改组，分为内政部、司法部两个独立部门。内政部专责安全、反恐、移民，打击犯罪、毒品、反社会行为及建立身份证制度等事务；新成立的司法部取代宪政事务部，并接管原内政部监狱、缓刑及审判等事务。 英国内政部改为内政和司法两个独立部门
◆ 苏格兰和威尔士地方议会和政府 苏格兰议会在地方政务、司法、卫生、教育、经济发展等方面享有一定的立法权和行政权，并享有部分征税权，可将所得税的基本税率浮动３％。威尔士议会主要在就业、卫生、教育和环境等问题上拥有决策权，但没有调整税率的权力。此举被视为工党政府实施权力下放的标志性成就。１９９９年５月，苏格兰和威尔士选举成立地方议会，分别设１２９和６０个议席。７月１日，两地议会和政府正式运作。
◆ 北爱尔兰自治政府 １９９８年４月１０日，英国和爱尔兰政府及北爱冲突各方签署和平协议，后选举产生北爱地方议会。１９９９年１１月，北爱议会推举成立由北爱多党分享权力的北爱自治政府。英向北爱移交地方事务管理权，爱尔兰放弃对北爱领土的主权要求。１２月，北爱自治政府正式运作，行使除国防、外交和税收之外的立法和行政权。南北爱部长理事会、英爱政府间会议、英爱理事会等机制也正式启动。这是北爱新教派与天主教派首次共享北爱管理权，也是自１９７２年英对北爱实行直接统治以来，北爱首次拥有自治政府。但是，北爱各派在缴械等问题上的争执使和平进程屡遭挫折，２００２年１０月１４日，英政府被迫第４次中止北爱政府的运作。２００３年１１月，北爱地方议会进行选举，强硬派民主统一党和对立的新芬党得势。经过英爱政府的艰难斡旋，２００４年１２月８日，英首相布莱尔和爱总理埃亨宣布一揽子重启和谈的新建议。同年１２月２０日，北爱发生历史上最大的银行抢劫案，爱尔兰共和军被指控为主谋，和平进程再度搁浅。２００５年２月，英、爱政府确定爱尔兰共和军策划了２００４年１２月北爱银行抢劫案，爱尔兰共和军的政治组织新芬党承认对此事知情，但否认参与银行抢劫案。７月２８日，爱尔兰共和军发表声明，宣布从即日起放弃武装斗争，不再从事任何非和平活动。承诺将同解除武装国际独立委员会合作，并邀请新教和天主教代表共同监督声明执行情况。２９日，英北爱事务大臣海恩宣布，英军开始拆毁在北爱的部分军事设施并制订分阶段撤军计划。２００６年４月，英首相布莱尔和爱总理埃亨在北爱阿马郡举行会谈，就北爱议会恢复运作达成协议并设定时限。２００７年３月９日，北爱地方议会举行选举，民主统一党和新芬党得票总数过半。２００７年３月２６日，民主统一党和新芬党领袖在贝尔法斯特举行历史上首次会晤。２００７年５月８日，北爱各方经过艰苦谈判，就权力分配达成妥协，北爱地方联合政府宣告重启。
【司法】有三种不同的法律体系：英格兰和威尔士实行普通法系，苏格兰实行民法法系，北爱尔兰实行与英格兰相似的法律制度。司法机构分民事法庭和刑事法庭两个系统。在英格兰和威尔士，民事审理机构按级分为郡法院、高等法院、上诉法院民事庭、上院。刑事审理机构按级分为地方法院、刑事法院、上诉法院刑事庭、上院。上院为英最高司法机关，是民、刑案件的最终上诉机关。
１９８６年成立皇家检察院，隶属于国家政府机关，负责受理所有由英格兰和威尔士警察机关提交的刑事诉讼案。总检察长和副总检察长是英政府的主要法律顾问并在某些国内和国际案件中代表王室。
【政党】政党体制从１８世纪起即成为英宪政中的重要内容。现英国主要政党有：
（1）工党（Labour Party）：１９００年成立，原名劳工代表委员会，１９０６年改用现名。近年来，工党更多倾向关注中产阶级利益，与工会关系一定程度上有所疏远。政治上提出“新工党、新英国”的口号，取消党章中有关公有制的条款。经济上主张减少政府干预，严格控制公共开支，保持宏观经济稳定增长，建立现代福利制度。外交上主张积极参与国际合作，视与美和欧盟关系为两大外交支柱，支持欧盟一体化建设，主张在经济条件成熟时加入欧元区，但表示暂时搁置对《欧洲宪法条约》的全民公决。２００１年有党员近４０万名，是英第一大党。２００３年因英协美参与伊拉克战争导致大量党员退党。截至２００４年，党员人数降至约２５万名。
（2）保守党（Conservative Party): 前身为１６７９年成立的托利党，１８３３年改称现名。保守党的支持者一般来自企业界和富裕阶层，主张自由市场经济。通过严格控制货币供应量和减少公共开支等措施来压低通货膨胀。主张限制工会权利，加强“法律”和“秩序”。近年来，提出实行“富有同情心的保守主义”，关注教育、医疗、贫困等社会问题。强调维护英国主权，反对“联邦欧洲”，反对加入欧元，主张建立“大西洋共同体”以加强英美特殊关系。强调北约仍是英国安全与防务的基石。
（3）自由民主党(The Liberal Democrat Party)：１９８８年３月由原自由党和社会民主党内多数派组成。主张维持与工党的合作关系，推动工党在地方及下院选举中实行比例代表制。在公共服务、社会公正、环境保护等问题上采取比工党更“进取”的政策。主张削减地方税、改善住房和环境，提高退休金，向社会弱势群体提供更多支持，减少政府的浪费和官僚主义行为。支持欧洲制宪，主张加入欧元区。是英国第三大党。
英国其他政党还有：苏格兰民族党(Scottish National Party)、威尔士民族党 (Plaid Cymru)、绿党（the Green Party）、英国独立党（UK Independence Party）、英国国家党（British National Party），北爱尔兰一些政党如：北爱尔兰统一党(Ulster Unionist Party)、民主统一党 (Democratic Unionist Party)、社会民主工党(Social Democratic and Labour Party)、新芬党 (Sinn Fein) 等。
Chapter 7：Government and Administration 英国政府机构
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty\'s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution; the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.
联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。
I．The Monarchy
君主制
1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。”
2. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, and head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.
女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国圣公会的“最高领袖”，
3. The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch\'s power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。
III．Parliament
议会
1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。
2.The main functions of Parliament are： （1） to pass laws； （2） to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government； （3） to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure； and （4） to debate the major issues of the day.
议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。
3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.
贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。
4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament （MPs）. It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.
下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。
5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.
英国被划分为651个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不到五年就进行一次选举。
6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.
英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党—保守党和工党。从1945年以来，两党一直轮流执政，在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为“反对党”，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。
III.The Cabinet and Ministry
内阁和内阁部长
1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.
首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。内阁在 首相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。
2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions； individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.
内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。
IV．The Privy Council
枢密院
1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the King\'s Council in history. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.
枢密院原来是政府行政权力的源泉，给君主提供“私人”建议。它在历史上也称为国王议会。今天它的主要作用是礼节性的，如建议君主批准政府的法令。
2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth statement.
它的主要成员有400人左右，包括内阁阁员，下议院院长及英国，英联邦的高级政治家等。
V．Government Department and the Civil Service
政府各部和公务员部
1. The principal Government department main includes： the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense…
主要的政府部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。
2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now.
文职人员部的成员被成为公务员。公务员主要是通过竞争考试录用。公务员部门不属于任何政党，政府的变更并不影响部门职员的变更。英国现约有541800名公务员。
VI．Local Government
地方政府部门
1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales： counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.
英格兰和威尔士实行两级地方政府制—郡和比郡小的区。现在英格兰和威尔士分为53个郡，郡下分为369个区。
2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.
大伦敦被分为32个行政区。
Justice and the law 法律与司法机构
There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include （1） statutes； （2） a large amount of “unwritten” or common law； （3） equity law； （4） European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.
联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。
I．Criminal Proceedings
刑事诉讼程序
1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute.
在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.
在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据。每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用费用提供帮助。在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。陪审团一般由12人组成。如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。
3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.
“无罪”裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。
II. Criminal Courts
刑事法庭
1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales
英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭
Magistrates\' Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates\' court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates\' court sits without a jury.
治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭对公众和媒体公开，通常由三位无薪的“外行”地方官——地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。
Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.
青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。
The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and ‘either way“ offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.
皇家刑事法庭。负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家刑事法庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法庭。
2. Criminal courts in Scotland
苏格兰的刑事法庭
There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary；（2） the sheriff court；（3） the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.
英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。
3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的刑事法庭
Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates\' courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.
涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.
III．Civil Courts
民事法庭
1. Civil Courts in England and Wales
英格兰和威尔士的民事法庭
Magistrates\' Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions： （1） the family Division； （2） the Chancery Division； （3） the Queen\'s Bench Division.
治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland
苏格兰的民事法庭
The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.
民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。
3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的民事法院
County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates\' court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court.
郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也审理某些有限类型的民事案件。高等法院就是高级民事法院。
IV. The Judiciary
司法机构
There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.
英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官内政大臣和检察总长负责。在英格兰和威尔士，娃哈哈官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。娃哈哈官推荐高等法官和巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。
V. Police
警察
The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London\'s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.
在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下，英国警察分地组建，并以地方管理为基础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。
VI. Treatment of offenders
对违法者的处理
The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.
刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。
Capital punishment （ a sentence of death ） for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.
英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，判国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/67da57c20242a8956aece436.html
文档为doc格式