初中英语必备知识点梳理

发布时间:2018-05-13 15:45:27   来源:文档文库   
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初中英语知识点梳理及操

初三英语统一学业考试中的第五大题是通过多项选择,来考核学生对英语各个语言知识点所掌握的情况和程度。学生在分析、判断所选词语的正误时,不但要从语法角度去考虑,而且要从整句逻辑、习惯说法、词语不重复、用语须礼貌等各个方面去审视。这样,才能避免往往因粗心或偏解所造成的失误。 这一大题需要注意的是:在掌握英语各个语言知识点的一般规律之外,还需要注意英语各个语言知识点的特殊规律。在英语中,有许多语法结构与词语搭配都是因人、因事、因地而各不相同的,因此,不能像数学公式那样去生搬硬套。对于某些有特殊规律的语言知识点,学生一定要在平时加强注意和不断积累,在这方面是没有捷径可行的。此外,在学习时还要防止只重语感、不谙其意的片面倾向。

. 冠词: 冠词用在名词的前面,有定冠词“the”与不定冠词“aan”之分。定冠词表示确指,译作();不定冠词表示泛指,译作一个

例题解析:

( ) _____ lady over there is _____ university teacher.

A) A, the B) The, an C) The, a D) The, the

“over there”意为那边的,是后置定语,它表示前面名词“lady”(女士)是确指的说法,因此要加上定冠词“the”。后半句意为一位大学教师,是泛指的说法,因此要加上不定冠词“a”“an”。由于“university”的读音起始于辅音“j”,因此要加定冠词“a”。所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) He prefers playing _____ piano to playing _____ hockey.

A) the, the B) the, / C) / , / D) / , the

“piano”意为钢琴,属于乐器,要求前面加定冠词“the”。后半句中“hockey”意为曲棍球,属于球类活动,要求不加任何冠词。所以本题答案应该选“B”

( ) Mr. Black was made _____ manager of our company.

A) / B) a C) an D) the

“manager”表示被选的职位,前面不应加任何冠词。所以本题答案应该选“A”

此外,冠词还有许多特殊的用法:

1. 由普通名词组成的专有名词前,要加定冠词,如:the Great Wall(长城)

2. 在拼音名词前,一般不加任何冠词,如:Thomas GreenChangfeng Park

3. 在江、河、湖、海前,即使是拼音名词,也要加定冠词“the”,如:the Dongting Lake

4. 一般用单数名词加‘a’;复数名词不加‘the’”来表示泛指的意思。

习题训练:

Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案,用ABCD表示,填入空格内):

( ) 1. There is _____ “u” in _____ word “uniform.”.

A) an, a B) an, the C) a, a D) a, the

( ) 2. _____ sign here stands for _____ mistake.

A) A, a B) A, the C) The, a D) The, the

( ) 3. We made Joyce _____ monitor ____ her experience.

A) a, because B) the, because C) / , because of D) the , because of

( ) 4.Two months ago Mr. Green wrote ____ article on Shanghai International Art Festival.

A) the B) an C) a D) /

( ) 5. Q: Is Mr. White _____ teacher of your school? A: Yes. _____ teacher is from Australia.

A) a, A B) a, The C) the, The D) the, A

( ) 6. Paul is _____ European student. He likes to study _____ history of China.

A) a, the B) a, / C) an, the D) an, /

( ) 7. This is _____ honey. As we all know, _____ honey is sweet.

A) / , the B) / , / C) the, / D) the, the

( ) 8. They didn't catch the last train because of _____.

A) some heavy traffics B) any heavy traffic

C) heavy traffic D) a heavy traffic

( ) 9. It won't take long, it's only _____ walk.

A) ten-minutes B) ten minutes' C) ten minutes D) ten-minute's

.名词:

名词表示人或物体的名称,有普通名词(park)、专有名词(PeterParty)、集合名词(family, class, police)、缩写名词(SARS, CEO, WTO)……等。总体上说,它们可以分成两大类;即可数名词和不可数名词。要注意它们在句中的不同要求和变化。

题解析:

( ) His grandfather is _____.

A) Robert Bob B) Tom Black C) Kate White D) Black Green

英语中,人的姓名排列是倒过来的;先是名,即“first name”,后为姓,即“second name”,也可叫做“family name”“surname”。做这类题目,必须先搞清楚哪个单词是表示名字,哪个单词是表示姓氏,名字还要分清男女性别。这道题中说的是爷爷,是男名,所以本题答案应该选“B”

( ) _____ are playing tennis in the playground.

A) The Browns B) The Brown's C) Browns D) Brown's

英语中,姓氏前加定冠词“the”,后面加“s”,有一家人之意。所以本题答案应该选“A”

( ) Be careful. There is a _____ hole in the ground.

A) two-foot-deep B) two-feet-deep C) two-foot deep D) two-feet deep

这道题目考的是复合形容词。在复合形容词中的名词应该用单数形式,在整个复合形容词中的各个单词都要用短横“–”来连接。由于它被看作为一个普通的形容词,因此,在可数名词前还要再加上冠词。此句中,一个两英尺深的洞应译为“a two-foot-deep hole”,所以本题答案应该选“A”

( ) He’s got bad toothache. He’d better go to _____.

A) dentist B) the dentist C) the dentist’s D) see the dentists

去看牙科医生可译为“go to see the dentist”“go to the dentist’s”。后一个词语中的“the dentist’s”表示“the dentist’s clinic”。所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) The _____ teachers wondered if the _____ students were in trouble.

A) woman, boy B) woman, boys C) women, boy D) women, boys

英语中,女教师们应该译为“women teachers”,而男学生们应该译为“boy students” 所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) _____ came that Houston Rocket won again and Yao Ming got the most scores.

A) A news B) Message C) Word D) Words

据说在英语中有多种说法:“It was said that”“Word came that”“News came that”“A message came that”……等。所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) All of a sudden, something on the ground caught _____.

A) his eye B) his eyes C) his own eyes D) eyes of his own

“catch one’s eye”是固定词组,意为引起某人注意;即“be noticed by sb.”。此句中,“eye”视线之意,由“eyesight”演变而来。随着语言的发展,一些词语会产生演变,大致上都是朝简单化方向发展,如:“countryside”→“country”“mankind”→“man” “campsite”→“camp”“in the daytime”→“in the day”……等。所以本题答案应该选“A”

( ) The lady with long _____ found her husband had already got three gray _____.

A) hair, hair B) hair, hairs C) hairs, hair D) hairs, hair

要掌握英语中哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。但是有些名词具有可数和不可数两种性质,要靠具体说法来判别。如这道题中的“hair”(头发)就是这类词。前半句说的是一头长发,是不可数名词;后半句说的是三根白发,是可数名词。所以本题答案应该选“B”

习题训练:

Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案,用ABCD表示,填入空格内):

( ) 1. He has got _____ to tell you.

A) a good news B) some news C) a lot news D) many news

( ) 2. It’s seven o’clock. _____ are sitting at table.

A) Mr. Greens B) The Green's C) The Greens D) Greens

( ) 3. Your brother is the same ______ mine.

A) old as B) age as C) old like D) age like

( ) 4. Our bodies need food to give us ______.

A) health B) strong C) energy D) taste

( ) 5. A lemon is the same ______ as a banana.

A) yellow B) colour C) fresh D) sweet

( ) 6. What kind of ______ do you like best?

A) watermelon B) the watermelon C) a watermelon D) watermelons

( ) 7. Look at this magazine. Let’s do the ______ about eating habits.

A) quiz B) list C) cooking D) dinner

.代词:

代词是名词的代用词,有指示代词(this, those)、人称代词主宾格(I, me)、形容词性物主代词(my)、名词性物主代词(mine)、反身代词(myself)、不定代词(either, others, anything, nobody)。其中,不定代词的变化最复杂。在不同的句子中,它们的变化和要求都不一样,这一点我们一定要有充分的认识,不能掉以轻心。

题解析:

( ) Would you please give _____?

A) him it B) it him C) to him it D) it to him

英语中,当直接宾语(人)与间接宾语(物)都用人称代词时,一定要先讲间接宾语(物)后讲直接宾语(人),而且要在直接宾语(人)前加上介词“to” 所以本题答案应该选“D”

( ) She always thinks of _____ more than _____.

A) others, her B) the others, she C) others, herself D) the others, herself

在英语中,别人属于泛指,应译为“others”。后半句是介词“of”的宾语。由于这里的与主语的是属于同一个人,因此不能用人称代词宾格作宾语,要用反身代词作宾语才对。所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) Some people like watching the sports news, _____ prefer TV series.

A) the others B) the other C) others D) another

在英语中,一些……,另一些……”有两种译法:“Some …, the others …”是属于非此即彼的两部分情况,而“Some …, others …”是指有第三部分的情况存在。本题意为一部分人喜欢看体育消息,而另一部分人比较欣赏电视剧,显然还有其他人喜欢其他的内容,所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) The light in the room was too poor for _____ to see it clearly.

A) everyone B) someone C) anyone D) none

英语中,“too … to”意为……而不能,具有否定的含义。因此,“for sb.”中应该选运用在否定句中的“anyone”才对。所以本题答案应该选“C”

( ) _____ the fuel here is from foreign countries, so we must make full use of it.

A) Some B) Much C) The most of D) Most of

带有定冠词“the”的名词前,应该用代词词组:“some of”(意为其中一些)、“much of”(意为其中许多)、“most of”(意为其中大多数……等。“the mose of”(意为其中最多的)在本句中的译法欠妥,所以本题答案应该选“D”

( ) Can you call on my mother on Saturday or Sunday? I’m afraid _____ day is possible

A) either B) each C) both D) neither

在英语中,有两者三者以上的不同词语说法:“both”意为两者都“all”意为三者以上都“neither”意为两者都不“none”“no one”意为三者以上都不“either”意为两者之一“one”意为三者以上之一“between”意为两者之间“among”意为三者以上之间。根据本题句意,答句应该是说我恐怕没有一天能行 所以本题答案应该选“D”

( ) There are three bathrooms in the house. One is upstairs, _____ two are downstairs.

A) other B) the other C) others D) the others

在英语中,另两个的译法有多种:“the other two”“the others”“the rest”。由于本句中讲到三间浴室,另两间的说法应该是确指的,因此,必须有定冠词“the”。又由于后句已经写了“two”,因此这里要选作形容词用的“other” 所以本题答案应该选“B”

( ) The dishes on Table One are much fewer than _____ on Table Two.

A) that B) those C) dishes D) /

要注意所比较的两个对象具有对称性:这句是“the dishes on Table One”(一桌上的菜)和“the dishes on Table Two”(二桌上的菜)作比较,因此后半句中的字不能省略。“that”“those”是比较级句中的专用代词。由于该句中所比较的对象是复数,因此,要用“those”来代替前面的名词。所以本题答案应该选“B”

( ) There are more people in this room than _____ in that one.

A) that B) those C) people D) /

要注意在“There is …”“There are …”的比较级句型中,习惯上不用上题所讲到的专用代词。所以本题答案应该选“D”

习题训练:

Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案,用ABCD表示,填入空格内):

( ) 1. Show your watch ______ me. ______ is slow.

A) to, Mine B) to, My C) for, Mine D) for, My

( ) 2. ______ do you like ______, the summer holidays or the winter holidays?

A) What, better B) What, best C) Which, better D) Which, best

( ) 3. She wrote a letter and enclosed a photo of _____ taken in her housing estate.

A) herself B) her C) her’s D) myself

( ) 4. She told Jack, Tom and me to _____ among _____.

A) talk it over, us B) talk over it, us

C) talk it over, ourselves D) talk over it, ourselves

( ) 5. I’ll do it by myself. I won’t need _____ help.

A) anyone’s else B) anyone else’s C) anyone others’ D) other anyone’s

( ) 6. I heard _____ until my friend told me about it.

A) everything B) something C) nothing D) anything

( ) 7. Would you like _____ more bread, Jack?

A) any B) another C) little D) a little

( ) 8. Only one student got the right answer. But _____ didn’t.

A) the other B) another C) others D) the rest

( ) 9. He doesn't think _____ of them will go there with you.

A) none B) some C) many D) much

( )10. The film is dull and _____ people like it.

A) a few B) few C) a little D) little

( )11. Have you all _____?

A) got ready everything B) got everything ready for

C) got everything ready D) got ready for everything

( )12. Help _____ to some sweets, everyone.

A) yourselves B) your own C) yourself D) by yourself

( )13. He has six uncles. Five of them are doctors and _____ is a driver.

A) another B) the sixth C) other D) the other

( )14. Believe or not, I did it all by _______.

A) me B) us C) myself D) ourselves

( )15. A: Are these two books yours ? B: No, _____ of them is mine.

A) either B) none C) both D) neither

( )16. Neither of the twins _____ the toy train.

A) like B) likes C) is like D) are like

.数词:

数词有基数词和序数词之分:基数词表示数量概念;序数词表示顺序概念。首先要注意一些数词在写法上的变化,如:fortyninthtwentieth更要注意它们在句子中的不同用法和变化。

题解析:

( ) About _____ students went to the picture show that day.

A) hundreds of B) two hundreds C) two hundred of D) two hundred

“about”意为大约,是指具体数量,因此,不能用表示不定数量的词语“hundreds of”(意为成百个)。在表示确定数量时,英语中的hundred不加“s”,即不变复数。再由于students前没有定冠词“the”,不是其中之意,因此,也不能加介词“of” 所以本题答案应该选“D”

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