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现在完成时用法详解

发布时间：2021-04-24 来源：文档文库

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现在完成时用法详解
1. 现在完成时的定义
现在完成时既可表示过去发生的动作对现在所造成的结果或影响(此时通常连用的时间状语有already, yet, just, ever, before,也可表示动作从过去某时间开始,一直持续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去(此时通常连用的时间状语有this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段。如:
I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。
Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗?
I have lived for ten years. 我在这儿住了十年了。
We have studied here since 2003. 我们自2003年来就在这儿读书了。
2. 现在完成时的结构
现在完成时由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。
3. 现在完成时的应用
(1 非持续性动词go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要接用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续动词或状态动词。如:
He has left. 他走了。(from www.hxen.com
He has been away for an hour. 他走了一个小时了。

Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本书吗?
How long can I keep the book? 这本书我可借多久?
注意:非持续性动词的否定完成时可与时间段状语连用。如:
He has not borrowed the book since then. 从此以后,他再也没有借这本书了。
(2 have / has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那儿;have / has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这儿。如:
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. 他去过加拿大,现在在我们公司工作。
Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家,他去上海了。
(3 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问句常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。如:
Have you read it already? 你就看完了?
4. 现在完成时与其他时态的区别
(1 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时强调动作的结果或对现在的影响,属于现在时的范畴;一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间,属于过去时的范畴。因此,过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用,而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用。如:
I read the book two weeks ago. 我两周前读了这本书。

I have read the book for two weeks. 这本书我读过两周了。(from www.hxen.com
(2 现在完成时与现在进行时:现在完成时强调动作持续到现在或刚结束;而现在进行时只强调目前的状态。如:
They have talked for about two hours. 他们谈了大约两个小时。(强调动作的持续
They are talking. 他们在谈话。 (强调目前的状态
现在完成时的构成:主语+助动词have(has+ 过去分词
时间状语: already,never,ever,just,yet,since +过去时间点, since +从句, for +段时间…

意义:1.表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如:
I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。
(“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作,对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”

2.过去发生的事情一直持续到现在而且继续延续下去
I have lived here for three years .
I have lived here since three years ago.
我已经住在这儿三年了而且有可能继续住下去。
现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较

现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响;
一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较:
The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。(说明现在的情况:飞机在这儿
The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的。(强调动作发生的时间在过去
I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。(表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在,还可能会继续。
I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。(表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了
从构成上分析现在完成时与现在进行时基本上相同:
现在进行时: He is playing basketball now.
主语+助动词(be+现在分词+其它
现在完成时:I have seen this film .
主语+助动词(have\has+过去分词+其它
句子本身具有助动词的,所有的变化围绕助动词变化而且动词的形式不变。
现在进行时: He is playing basketball now.
一般疑问句:Is he is playing basketball now.?否定句:He isn’t playing basketball now..

所以现在完成时一般疑问句和否定句变化一目了然:
一般疑问句:Have you seen this film?否定句:I haven’t seen this fi lm .
句子本身不具有助动词的,所有的变化就要借助动词完成而且动词的形式要还原。
如:一般现在时第三人称单数:He often goes to school on foot.
一般疑问句:Does he often go to school on foot.?否定句: He doesn’t often go to school on foot..
过去时: He bought a car last year.
一般疑问句:Did he buy a car last year?否定句:He didn’t buy a car last year.
现在完成进行时:过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去。这种情况更确切的表达就是现在完成进行时。
如:他滑冰已经三个小时了。He has been skating for three hours.
结构:主语+助动词(have\has+been+现在分词+其它
从结构上讲它是现在进行时与现在完成时的一个综合体。因为句子本身具有助动词的,所有的变化围绕助动词变化而且动词的形式不变。
所以现在完成进行时的一般疑问句和否定句变化一目了然:
一般疑问句:Has he been skating for three hours?否定句:He hasn’t been skating for three hours . 练习:

用过去时或现在完成时填空:
1. “_________ you __________ (have lunch ?” “Yes.”

“When ________ you __________ (have it?” “I ____________ (have it at 12:00.”

2. “_________ you __________ (write a letter to your aunt yet?”

“Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write one last week.”

3. “_________ he ___________ (finish his homework?” “Not yet.”

4. “_________ they ever __________ (be abroad?” “Yes, just once.”

5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish his work.
6. Your father _________ (finish his work just now.
7. Last term I __________ (learn many English words.
8. They ____________ (not read the interesting books yet.
9. He _____________ never ____________ (go to the science museum.
10. ____________ you ever ____________ (drink coke?
11. “____________ you _____________ (buy a dictionary? “ “Yes, I __________ .”

“Where __________ you _____________ (buy it?” “ I ___________ (buy it in a bookstore.”

“When ___________ you _____________ (buy it?” “ Yesterday.”

注意:1.Since 和 for 的用法
表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有:for, since, how long, so far, these days 等。
Since+过去点的时间,for+一段时间(数词+量词,此划线部分用how long提问。
一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今,since之后的时间为一点。如:
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来,史密斯先生一直在这工作。
He’s learned abo ut 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。
二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间,for的宾语为时间段。如:
We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。
I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。
2.短暂性转换延续性:现在完成时肯定句中若与段时间连用动词必须用延续性动词。
注意下列非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换

①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.

→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there
1 He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.
2 I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
3 I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
4 They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out

1 He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
2 We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
③become → be

1 I became a teacher in 2000.

I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
2 The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
④close → be closed open → be open

1 The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.
2 The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
⑤get up → be up die → be dead

leave sw. → be away from sw.

fall asleep/g et tot sleep → be asleep

finish/end → be over marry → be married
1 I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.
2 He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
3 My grandpa died in 2002.

My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
4 The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
5 I got to sleep two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________ since _________ __________.
6 They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________.
⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth.begin → be on

1 I began to teach at this school in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since ____.
2 The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on → wear

catch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know

1 They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
2 I bought a pen two hours ago.

I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3 I got to know him last year.
I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.
4 I put on my glasses three years ago.
I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.
⑧have/has gone to → have been in

1 He has gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.
⑨join the league/the Party/the army

→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier

→ be a member of the league/the Party

→ be in the league/the Party/the army

1 He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.
He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.

2 My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.
My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.
3.汉译英
1这本字典我已买了三年了。
2他离开中国三年了。
3我认识他们已经10年了
4他们已去了美国五年了。
5自从他搬到福州,他就住这儿了。
6他们已经结婚10年。
7我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年了。
8这会已开了多长时间了?
9这门已经关了两天了。
10我入团2年了。
I __________ ___________ ___________ two years ago.
I __________ ___________ a ___________ ___________ for two years.

I __________ ___________ a ___________ of __________ _________ for two years.
I __________ ___________ ____________ the __________ for two years.
11自从1999年以来他们就认识。
12我来到农场已5年了。
4.划线提问
1 I have been there for two days. ______ _____ _______ you ______ ______ ?
2 My father has lived here since 2000.__ ______ _______ your father ______ _______?
3He left here yesterday.________ ________ he _________ __________?
4 They bought a book two hours ago._________ ___________ they __________ a book?
3. have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
一、have(has been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:since, for, how long 等。例如:
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。

此外还有这些搭配: have been here (there /at home (school /on the farm
have been here (there / abroad
二、have(hasbeen to表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用

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