四级语法讲义一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:
1.主动形式
一般 进行 完成
过去 did was/were doing had done 现在
do 将来
will/shall do 过去将来
should/would do should/would be doing should/would have done用于虚拟语气 should/would have been doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing have/has done will/shall have done have/has been doing will/shall have been doing 完成进行
had been doing 2.被动形式 过去 一般
was/were given 进行 完成
was/were being given had been given / 现在
am/is/are given am/is/are being given have/has been given / 将来
will/shall be given / will/shall have been given / 过去将来 should/would be given / should/would have been given
完成进行
❖ CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。
❖ 时间状语从句当中的时态:
用
一般过去时 现在完成时
所有的过去 现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词
一.不定式:
一)不定式的常考形式:
一般现在时 表示 现在和将来
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1 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生
2 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生 2)不定式做状语----目的
3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三不定式的省略
1感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) ❖ 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.
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Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3 help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四有些动词后只跟不定式如:
want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do . begin to do . start to do 五 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 六)need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。
He needs (a lot of encouraging.
二. 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词 1是名词 seeing is believing 2具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. 一动名词的形式: 一般形式:I don't like you smoking. 完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式:This question is far from being settled. 二 动名词常考的点
1动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2做为介词的宾语是动名词
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3动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon. A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you're calling(Key:C your calling 也对)
I regret not having taken your advice. 4有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法:
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly /any use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和