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首页 > 高中英语 牛津上海版高中年级第一学期 语法专题 句子结构专项讲解及练习

高中英语 牛津上海版高中年级第一学期 语法专题 句子结构专项讲解及练习

发布时间：2020-09-11   来源：文档文库   
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句子结构
一、英语句子按照其用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!

二、英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下： 1） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 2） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

1 主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①be；②keep, remain, stay；③feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④seem, appear；⑤get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥prove, turn out等。 This is my English book.
The weather is getting windy and rainy.
The trouble is that they are short of money.
练习：划分句子成分
a. He looked unhappy at that time.
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b. It seemed like a good idea at the time. c. She turned 21 in June. d. I was so pleased to hear from you.
2 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, deal with，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。 Poems don't translate easily. My recent book sells very well.
The sun was shining.
练习：划分句子成分
a. Its economy has developed rapidly in the past ten years. b. Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years. c. This morning we met at the school gate and went there together.
3 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。
I look forward to hearing from you soon. You can put the dishes in the kitchen.
They ate what was left over.
练习：划分句子成分
a. In the afternoon, I’ll show you around and take you to some places of interest. b. I’m looking forward to meeting you soon.
c. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition.

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d. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps.
4 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人 和直接宾语(指物 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer,lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find ask等。
The driver saved us a lot of trouble.
They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house.
I told him that the bus was late.

练习：划分句子成分
a. Mr Wang taught us English last year. b. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night. c. They offered him a job, but he turned it down. d. Tomorrow I’ll write him a letter and tell him the good news.

5 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。 本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例：
1 We elected Liu Lei monitor.


2 The news made him unhappy.
3 You shouldn't let him go there alone. 4 I had the bike repaired.


5 I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.
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注意：
（1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint等。（elect, choose, appoint, make, call, name等词后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）例：
We call him Tom for short．
I made painting the house the project for the summer.




（2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think等。例如：
She thought him kind and generous. We’d better keep the windows open．

（3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况：
1. 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, wish, warn等。例：
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital． Could I trouble you to open the window?
2. 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉” 感官动词：““五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at”、 三个使役动词：（make，let, have）、 两听(hear, listen to”、 “一感觉（feel）,” 变被动，to还原。例：
Let me try again．








I often hear her sing in the next room．
She is often heard to sing in the next room. 感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：
a. He saw a girl get on the bus. b. He saw a girl getting on the bus.
3. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如：
My father often helps me(to study English．



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（4后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel , get , have , hear , keep , notice , see , watch，make, leave等。We found a man lying on the ground．

He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday. She couldn’t make herself heard above the noise of the traffic. （5后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例：
I’ll keep the words in my mind． I often find him at work.

（6由 as 构成的短语作宾补:常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as,
look on…as, have…as, take…as, think of…as等。例： They treat me as their daughter.

练习：划分句子成分
a. I saw the kids/children playing by the river at that time. b. We are making our country more and more beautiful. c. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon. d. I noticed Kate reading in the library all the morning. e. Father asked/got me to bring him some newspapers. f. She made it her business to find out who was responsible.
6 there be 句型表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。句子的主语是处于动词 be 后的那个名词。动词 be 的人称和数应同其后的主语取得一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而变化。如果是单个的主语,动词 be则随这个主语的数和人称而变化。如果是并列的主语,动词be一般随最靠近be的那个主语的人称和数而变化。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there?或aren’t there?在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk. b. There will be a sports meet next week.
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c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom. e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.

注意：
1 其他各种句子都可由以上基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 2 以上各种句型中都可以加上相应的状语。 例：a. This is the student studying in the school.
b. He reached Paris the day before yesterday. c. We saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. d. They observed him entering the bank.
e. They appointed him captain of the English team. f. There is only four days left.
练习一：指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。
①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside.
②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees.
⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦He wished me good luck. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change. 1. ( S + V _______________ 2. ( S + V +O _________________

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3. ( S + V + P ____________________ 4. ( S + V + IO + DO _______________ 5. ( S + V + O + C __________________ 6. There be 句型 ______________

2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。 1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例： These flowers are white and those flowers are red. We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing. We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing. Hurry up; it's getting late.
I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on.
I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key. 2）并列句的分类：
（1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. （2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
（3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
（4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列
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连词and，其余分句用逗号隔开，即：“A, B, C and D”结构；如果分句之间关系各异，则需要分别加并列连词。例：
The suit is new and I like its color and style but it doesn't fit me, so I can't buy it.
练习:
a. Neither is he mistaken, nor am I.
b. Not only did the students dance, but (also their teacher sang. c. We love peace but we are not afraid of war. d. He worked hard, yet he failed.
e. The news may be unexpected; nevertheless it is true. f. Put on your coat, or you'll catch a cold.
g. Start out right away, or/ otherwise you'll miss the first train. h. It was late, so we went home.
i. We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.


3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。
状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。 定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。 名词性从句：
主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句 宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。

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同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。
例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句） 2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句） 3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句）
4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句） 5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句）
6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years.
巩固练习：
一、指出下列句子是什么基本句型： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. Tom was elected monitor yesterday. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He asked us to hand in the paper tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. Phoebe was found alive.
14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
9 （状语从句）

16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、句子结构分析： 1. It does not matter. 2. His face turned red. 3. He bought you a dictionary. 4. He enjoys reading.
5. I told him that the bus was late. 6. What makes him think so？
7. Everything looks different. 8. He showed me how to run the machine. 9. They talked for half an hour. 10. We saw him out.
11. He is growing tall and strong. 12. He asked me to come back soon. 13. The pen writes smoothly.
14. I saw them getting on the bus at that time.
15. Its economy has developed rapidly in the past ten years. 16. He looked unhappy at that time. 17. It is getting darker and darker. 18. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. 19. This morning we met at the school gate and went there together.
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20. He used to get up early in the morning. 21. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. 22. Talent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18. 23. Mr. Wang taught us English last year. 24. It will take three hours to go there by bus. 25. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon.
三、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句并判断是什么句型： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
11. The noise was so loud that I couldn't go on studying. 12. I’m so glad to learn that you’re coming in September. 13. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. 14. The car hit the man while he was crossing the road. 15. I have promised to meet him at the airport at 3:30 tomorrow afternoon. 16. After hearing what I said, my neighbor apologized to me and turned down the TV immediately.
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17. He is such a learned person that we all admire hem very much. 18. In the past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone. 19. I prefer to stay at home, for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework. 20. We should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better. 21. To improve the traffic in Beijing, the government should encourage more people to use public transport and bicycles. 22. In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. 23. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. 24. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby.
句型练习
There is no doubt that…… 毫无疑问
There is no doubt that this is a frightening moment . 毫无疑问，这是个令人恐惧的时刻。 There is no doubt that he will pass the exam. 毫无疑问他会通过考试。 翻译：
1. 毫无疑问我们会选举他当班长。
________________________________________________________ 2. 毫无疑问他会按时完成任务。
________________________________________________________ 3. 毫无疑问明天他会来看我们的
________________________________________________________

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There is no doubt that we make him monitor. There is no doubt that he will finish the task on time. There is no doubt that he will come to see me tomorrow.


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