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全国硕士的研究生入学考试英语(一)试题

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2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语
Directions:
( 一 试题
Section I Use of English
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points


Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ a bodily exercise precious to health.
claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies
’ s indicate that laughter. muscles,
’ s emotional state. ______on
dating back to the 1930
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing
probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual
that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.
theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century
Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an 1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like
2． [A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce
3． [A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4． [A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe
5． [A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6． [A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief
7． [A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8． [A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9． [A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10． [A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11． [A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12． [A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at
13． [A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because
14． [A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15． [A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16． [A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold
17． [A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18． [A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted
19． [A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20． [A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points

experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.
Text 1



The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-

music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has
“ Hooray! At last!
” wrote Anthony-sidedTommasinclassic,al-sobermusic critic.
been favorable, to say the least.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little
’ s appointment in the Times, calls him
description”ofAsthea next music director of an orchestra that has
known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert with no air of the formidable conductor about him. readers as faint praise.
“ an unpreten
hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an
impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the
time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,
dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today ’ s live performances; moreover, they can be concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.
’ s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man
“ a markedly different, more vibrant organization.
’ s repertoire will not beandenoughthePhilharmonic.IfGilbert
“ consumed ” at a time and place of the listener ’
widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical
Gilbert
who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into
nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra
are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is



’ s oldest orchestra and the new aud
’ s appointment has
[A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces.



25. Regarding Gilbert [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled. Text 2
’ s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.
y goal of
” McGee says. Within two wee
” Broadcasting his ambition was
“ very much my decision,
Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving running a company. September 29.
talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It
’ t alone. In recent w ’ t get the nod also
also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don reputations.

executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards
A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior
partner Dennis Carey: ” I can ’ t think of a single search I ’ ve done where a board hask notatsittingnstructedCEOsme to loo first. ”


Those who jumped without a job haven ’ t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of
Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.


Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to
be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “ The traditional rule was it ’ s safer to stay where you are, but that fundamentally inverted, ” says one headhunter. “ The people who ’ ve been hurt the worst are those who

26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives [A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word “ poached ” (Line 3, Paragraph 4 most probably means [A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. ’ quitting may be spurred by







[D]guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it ’ s safer to stick to theditionaltra rules.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? [A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B]CEOs: All the Way Up? [C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional media –



such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ owned” media by sending-maile alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.


Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers
’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer
’ s owned media become anoth
act as the initiator for users
media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies ’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.


The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse
communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.


If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the
’ s response ntlymayquicknotbeor sufficiethoughtful, and the learning
target company at risk. In such a case, the company
curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.


31.Consumers may create “ earned ” media when they are


[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B]
random competition.




[C] strong user traffic. [D]
flexibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer competition. [D] deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motor ’ s experience is cited as an example of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ? [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Text 4
It ’ s no surprise that Jennifer Senior
’ s insightful, provocative magazine cover story,
“ I love







Life, ” is arousing much chatternothing gets–people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or
miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul- crushingly hard, Senior writes that later be sources of intense gratification and delight.
”
“ the very things that in the moment dampen our moods c
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on
” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity m-tom,-be,or mom
newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “ Jennifer Aniston is pregnant smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is
’ t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the
equivalent to admitting you support kitten- killing ? It doesn
regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shou ldn ’ t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,
especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their round-the-clock help is a piece of cake.
It s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look
’ s interesting to wonder if the ima
’ t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own
so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting 36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring

[A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward
37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media. [C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.
39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory.

[D]misleading.
40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
Part B
Directions:

The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these
paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points

[A]
No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B]
His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a
look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “ the great books are read because they have-theybeenformreadsort of social
glue.

[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want

to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor
-71 ’thansdegreestheydidin201970years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.


“
”





[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American

professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.
just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher educ ation, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which
inquiry, at”leastAcademicinsome fields, may need to become less
” So disciplines ac
“ the produc
knowledge are produced. exclusionary and more holistic.
” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the
” Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
societies which they study, investigate and criticize.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

G → 41. Part C
→42. → E →43. →44. →45.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points

With its theme that “ Mind is the master weaver, ” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As Man (46 Allen ’ s contribution was to take an assumption welshareal-that because we are not robots we therefore control Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.

our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47 while we may be able to sustain the illusion

of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with myself do this or achieve that?
”
a question: “ Why cannot I make
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded :
” Achievement happensyouasabecausepersonembody the external
do not attract what we want, but what we are. achievement; you don
’ t
Part of the fame of Allen
“ get ” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
’ s book is its contention that
“ Circumstances do not make a person, they reve
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a
unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “ wronged ” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any

biographer knows, a person ’ s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.



The sobering aspect of Allen ’ s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.
(50 The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1 recommend one of your favorite movies and 2
give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User Do not writer the address.(10 points Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1 describe the drawing briefly, 2 explain it’ s intended meaning, and 3
give your comments. Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
旅程之 “余 ”
“ LI MING ” instead.










庄子云： “人生天地之间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已。 ”是呀，春秋置换，日月交替，这从指尖悄然划过的时光，没有一点声响，没有一刻停留，仿佛眨眼的功夫，半生已过。

人活在世上，就像暂时寄宿于尘世，当生命的列车驶到终点，情愿也罢，不情愿也罢，微笑也罢，苦笑也罢，都不得不向生命挥手作别。
我们无法挽住时光的脚步，无法改变人生的宿命。但我们可以拿起生活的画笔，把自己的人生涂抹成色彩靓丽的颜色。
生命如此短暂，岂容随意挥霍！只有在该辛勤耕耘的时候播洒汗水，一程风雨后，人生的筐篓里才能装满硕果。
就算是烟花划过天空，也要留下短暂的绚烂。只有让这仅有一次的生命丰盈充实，才不枉来尘世走一遭。雁过留声，人过留名，这一趟人生旅程，总该留下点儿什么！
生活是柴米油盐的平淡，也是行色匆匆的奔波。一粥一饭来之不易，一丝一缕物力维艰。
前行的路上，有风也有雨。有时候，风雨扑面而来，打在脸上，很疼，可是，我们不能向生活低头认输，咬牙抹去脸上的雨水，还有泪水，甩开脚步，接着向前。
我们需要呈现最好的自己给世界，需要许诺最好的生活给家人。所以，生活再累，不能后退。即使生活赐予我们一杯不加糖的苦咖啡，皱一皱眉头，也要饮下。
人生是一场跋涉，也是一场选择。我们能抵达哪里，能看到什么样的风景，能成为什么样的人，都在于我们的选择。
如果我们选择面朝大海，朝着阳光的方向挥手微笑，我们的世界必会收获一片春暖花开。如果我们选择小桥流水，在不动声色的日子里种篱修菊，我们的世界必会收获一隅静谧恬淡。
选择临风起舞，我们就是岁月的勇者；选择临阵脱逃，我们就是生活的懦夫。
没有淌不过去的河，就看我们如何摆渡。没有爬不过去的山，就看我们何时启程。
德国哲学家尼采说： “每一个不曾起舞的日子，都是对生命的辜负。 ”让我们打开朝着晨光的那扇窗，迎阳光进来，在每一个日出东海的日子，无论是鲜衣怒马少年时，还是宠辱不惊中年时，都活出自己的明媚和精彩。 时间会带来惊喜，只要我们不忘记为什么出发，不忘记以梦为马，岁月一定会对我们和颜悦色，前方也一定会有意想不到的惊喜。
人生忽如寄，生活多苦辛。
短暂的生命旅程，
别辜负时光，别辜负自己。
愿我们每一个人自律、阳光、勤奋，
活成自己喜欢的模样，


活成一束光，




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